Temperament, its basic properties. Types of temperaments and their psychological characteristics.

Temperament and character

Temperament should not be confused with a person's personality. Personality is a combination of many human factors, while temperament is only one factor, albeit a very important one.

Temperament is not the same thing as character and has nothing to do with a person's personality type or level of maturity.

Our temperament

is a set of tendencies with which we are born, and it practically does not change throughout life. It depends on the characteristics of the nervous system, including mobility and balance.

Temperament governs our actions and reactions and is influenced by our character and personality.

Our character

is an acquired characteristic and can change over time. This is who we are when no one is around. Our character is influenced by life experiences, upbringing, nationality and other factors.

Our personality

– this is how we express ourselves, how we appear to other people (cheerful, angry, smiling). How others perceive us depends largely on what we allow others to see. Sometimes we behave like the person we would like to be, without being one ourselves.

Can a person change his temperament?

Psychological well-being, determined by life circumstances, is mainly associated with the type of personality temperament. But the external manifestation of a person’s condition largely depends on his upbringing, beliefs, attitude towards other people or current events. By mobilizing his energy, he is able to withstand prolonged mental stress, influence the speed of reactions and the overall pace of work.

For example, upbringing and will help a choleric person to be restrained and to switch thoughts to other events and tasks.

By replacing the weak sides of his temperament with a system of volitional training, education and environmental influences, a person can radically change its external manifestation. Under certain living conditions in which a person spends a long time, a choleric person can become inert and slow, while a melancholic person can become energetic and decisive. The true natural properties of temperament can only appear under unexpected strong influence or a dangerous life situation, when the external factors with the help of which it was previously changed lose their meaning.

We recommend that you read: Self-monitoring of the state of your body in psychology

Definition of Temperament

Temperament is a group of traits or dispositions. Each of the traits defines a distinctive manner of behavior that differs from the other group. For example, the set of traits of a choleric person is different from the set of traits of a sanguine person, and each of them demonstrates a different type of behavior.

Each trait can be expressed to varying degrees. For example, a person may be highly sociable, moderately sociable, or not at all sociable.

Temperament thus represents the natural traits or inclinations with which a person is born. And how developed these natural traits will be depends on the person’s motivation.

Temperament is who a person is most of the time

. It determines how a person treats other people and how he reacts to events.

Remember how we often talk about a person as shy or outgoing. Without realizing it, we attribute it to certain temperamental traits. This is what we know and what we expect from a person when we interact with him.

We can say that behavior associated with temperament is largely predictable. The only exceptions are when a person is temporarily experiencing strong emotions, such as fear or anger, or is trying to deceive another. For example, a person deliberately behaves differently in order to appear different.

Temperament is strength
. A force that forces or motivates a person to behave in a certain way. Like an appetite that needs to be satisfied, or a vacuum that needs to be filled. It forces you to act in a certain way depending on the inclinations that are inherent in your temperament.

For example, a person by nature loves communication. He likes to talk, have fun, and actively spend time with others. There is a force inside a person that pushes him to communicate. Likewise, there are people who are secretive by nature and prefer not to be around other people. They are equally driven by a force that encourages them to avoid contact with other people. Both options are normal, and both have a push within them that moves them according to their natural inclinations.

Temperament is an innate need

. Take Abraham Maslow's pyramid of needs for example. Water, air and food are physical needs without which a person will get sick and die. Temperament is also, to some extent, a need, although a person will not die if his need is not satisfied.

Methodology for determining temperaments

Based on my many years of observations of people with different temperaments, I came to the conclusion that temperament is not just a set of some characteristics of a person, but an integral stable structure related to the human body. The presence of a number of innate external characteristics allows one to confidently classify a person as one or another temperament, even despite behavior that may, at first glance, differ greatly from that described in the corresponding characteristic.

The author guarantees, based on his experience, that subsequent careful analysis and long-term observation of the subject will certainly confirm the correspondence of the external signs of temperament and human behavior. Therefore, in situations where doubts arise as to whether a person belongs to a particular temperament, preference should be given not to the person’s behavior, but to his external signs.

It is important to understand that when determining temperament by appearance, the final conclusion is always made not based on individual characteristics, but on their totality, i.e. Most of the signs should add up to a holistic picture of a certain temperament.

In socionics, we associate a person’s temperament with subtypes, each temperament corresponds to one of four subtypes. Melancholic is an intuitive-logical subtype, phlegmatic is a sensory-logical subtype, choleric is an intuitive-ethical subtype, sanguine is a sensory-ethical subtype.

More information about subtypes in socionics can be found in the article “Subtypes-temperaments and social masks.”

Comparative characteristics of temperaments:

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2011 version

Temperament type Sanguine

Sanguine is a very sociable person

who likes to be around people. Of all the temperaments, the sanguine person is the easiest to communicate with. They bring energy and breathe life into any company with their mere presence. Their cheerfulness and humor illuminate everything around them.

They are an optimistic type of person who believes that life is a wonderful, fun-filled experience and should be lived to the fullest.

Inactivity causes them stress

, as they live in a fast and active rhythm. This is the most impulsive of all temperaments.

The sanguine person achieves great success in matters related to connections and communication, but is the least disciplined and organized type of all temperaments.

He is open, very enthusiastic, friendly, and very understanding of other people's feelings, but can be rude and inconsiderate.

It is difficult to call a sanguine person a devoted friend, since he does not like to commit himself to obligations, but simply wants to have fun. They live as if they have neither past nor future. They rarely admit their mistakes, but tend to exaggerate in order to look more successful in the eyes of others.

Since this type of temperament loves pleasure,

many sanguine people are prone to various kinds of addictions, as well as overeating.

A person with this type of temperament is willing to take on difficult tasks and will complete a task or project while his ego is fueled. However, at the slightest hint of their shortcomings, they quit.

They get upset easily if they are not appreciated and not reassured of love. They are very demanding in terms of love and affection, suffering from feelings of jealousy if the attention that belongs to them goes to someone else.

Characteristics of a sanguine person

Strengths:

Attractive personality
Talkative, good storyteller
Sole of company
Good sense of humour
Good memory for colors
Emotional and convincing
Enthusiastic and expressive
Funny
Curious
Lives in the moment
Changeable mood
Childlike

Weak sides:

Talkative
Tends to exaggerate
Surface
Can't remember names
May be intimidating to others
Too carefree
Restless
Selfish
Naive
Talks loudly and laughs
Allowing circumstances to control you
Gets angry easily
Growing up is hard

Sanguine at work

Takes the initiative at work
Invents new activities
Looks great
Creative and bright
Full of energy and enthusiasm
Inspires others
Captivates many

Most suitable professions
in the field of: marketing, travel, fashion, cooking, sports, entertainment

Sanguine friend:

Makes friends easily
Loves people
Thrives from compliments
Inspiring
Many people envy him
Doesn't hold a grudge
Apologizes quickly
Doesn't let others get bored

Sanguine child, teenager, adult

Infant

Pros:

energetic and inquisitive, funny and sweet, walks a lot and makes various sounds, shows off, reacts vividly to people.

Minuses:

screams for attention, knows about his irresistibility, constantly needs company, often gets into trouble, self-centered.

Child

Pros:

Charming personality, bold and energetic, looks innocent, cheerful and enthusiastic, loves to have fun, gets going easily, enjoys the company of people.

Minuses:

does not complete things, disorganized, easily distracted, quickly loses interest, emotional ups and downs, demands recognition, forgetful and restless, tends to exaggerate.

Teenager

Pros:

knows how to charm others, daring, popular, life of the party, inventive and bright, knows how to please, quickly apologizes.

Minuses:

prone to deception, makes excuses, easily distracted, needs attention and approval, prone to cheating, finds school boring, immature, doesn't know how to handle money.

Adult

Emotional Needs

:
attention from other people, touch, approval of one’s actions, acceptance
Cause of depression:

life has become boring, no hope for the future, feels unloved

How to get rid of stress

: go shopping, have fun with friends, delicious food.

Energy Level:

receives a boost of energy from other people, frantic pace of life, periods of fatigue

Temperament type Choleric

This type of temperament is considered the most powerful and destructive of all.

. It is not an exaggeration to say that the world's most formidable dictators and criminals belonged to the choleric temperament. However, when they use their power for good, they are capable of becoming excellent leaders.

Cholerics are incredibly resilient and unyielding
. If they decide on something, they do not change their opinion, even if it is wrong.

Choleric people rarely listen to the advice of others. They want to have complete control over themselves and those around them. They are of the opinion that they know what is best and what is acceptable behavior for others.

They have serious anger management problems

. Choleric people rarely express emotions such as love, tenderness, friendliness and empathy, but this can be compensated by a secondary type of temperament. In addition, on the part of other people, they consider these emotions inappropriate and useless.

Cholerics believe that no one can complete a task better than them. They tend to become overtired and can become nervous.

. To achieve their goal, they are ready to do anything.

Unlike melancholic people, who see the shortcomings of a project before taking any action, choleric people do not see any pitfalls. The choleric will move regardless of the cost that is required, because for him the end justifies the means. Cholerics are self-centered and often do not take into account the needs of others.

They are perfectionists, and they consider even their shortcomings to be flawless. It is difficult for them to admit that they are wrong.

Characteristics of a choleric person

Strengths:

Born leaders
Dynamic and active
Strong need for change
Strong-willed and decisive
Non-emotional
They're hard to break
Independent and self-sufficient
Exude self-confidence
They take on any task

Weak sides:

They like to command
Impatient
Hot-tempered
Can't relax
Too impulsive
They like to argue
Don't give up even when you lose
Lack of flexibility
Unfriendly
They do not like displays of sentimentality and emotion.
Unresponsive

Choleric at work

Purposeful
Sees the big picture
Organizes well
Looking for a practical solution
Moves quickly to action
Distributes tasks
Insists on his own
Sets goals
Stimulates activity
Likes to argue

Most suitable professions
in the field of: management, technology, statistics, engineering, programming, business

Choleric friend:

Doesn't need a large circle of friends
Will lead and organize
Always right
Copes well with unexpected situations

Choleric child, teenager, adult

Infant

Pros:

decisive look, fearless, energetic, sociable, fast development

Minuses:

demanding, loud and noisy, throws things, sleeps poorly

Child

Pros:

natural leader, courageous and energetic, productive, goal-oriented, fast-moving, self-sufficient, competitive, self-confident

Minuses:

controls parents, tends to manipulate, is capricious, restless, insists on his own, likes to argue, stubborn, disobedient.

Teenager

Pros:

aggressive, competent, quickly organizes any business, takes leadership, solves problems, self-confident, stimulates others, knows how to act in a critical situation, good potential, responsible.

Minuses:

likes to command, controls his friends, believes that he knows everything, tends to look down on, becomes unpopular at times, decides for others, can offend, does not like to repent, blames others.

Adult

Emotional needs:

devotion of the crowd, sense of power, appreciation, gratitude for one's actions

Cause of depression:

life out of control, problems with money, work, spouse, children or health

How to get rid of stress:

work more, engage in physical activity, avoid difficult situations

Energy Level:

excess energy, needs to reboot

Properties and influence of temperament in behavior

Formal-dynamic aspects of behavior that are not related to the content of the activity depend on a person’s temperament. These aspects are divided into 2 groups:

Emotionality group, which includes the following traits: Neuroticism (avoidance of new or uncertain situations, high need for social support)
Impulsivity (initiating actions driven by emotions, not supported by previous plans or rational decision)
Self-confidence (optimism in uncertain conditions, self-confidence)

The Activity group includes the following traits:

Endurance, energy, ability to withstand prolonged and/or intense activity. In models of the activity-specific approach, three types of endurance - motor-physical, verbal-social and mental (duration of attention) - are considered as separate properties (scales);

The speed of integration of a behavioral act, such as plasticity (ease of switching from one activity to another and adaptability to changes in instructions or situations), motor-physical or verbal-social tempo.

Behavioral orientation towards a certain type of behavior regulators. This subgroup includes an orientation towards impressions, risky situations (the Seeking Impressions trait), an orientation towards other people (the Empathy trait, as sensitivity to the feelings and motivations of other people) and sensitivity to cause-and-effect relationships, the probabilistic aspects of events (Thinking (psychology))

Temperament type Phlegmatic

To the observer, a phlegmatic person appears slow and stubborn

. People of phlegmatic temperament move through life slowly, slowly, spending as little energy as possible.

It is difficult to say whether phlegmatic people really lack energy, or whether they simply refuse to use it.

They are problem-oriented and very efficient if the work requires precision, thoroughness and a minimum of energy.

Perhaps the world will never know those brilliant thoughts, great books and works of art that were consigned to oblivion by the phlegmatic. They rarely use their ideas and talents, since bringing them to life requires a lot of effort.

The phlegmatic sits and watches as representatives of other temperament types make mistakes and notes what needs to be changed in this world in order for everything to be right. They are excellent at detecting cases of any injustice, but very rarely take any action against this injustice. They can inspire others to take action, but they themselves will not personally participate in this.

A phlegmatic person is the only type of temperament that a choleric person cannot control (which makes the choleric person terribly angry).

This is the most stable temperament.

He can also be called the most stubborn when it comes to change. Since he tends not to interfere in other people's affairs, he can be a good mediator and diplomat. Peace at any cost is the motto of a phlegmatic person.

A phlegmatic person is not afraid of being rejected and can easily cope with a cold and hostile person. They are calm, carefree, and not subject to outbursts of emotion, anger, or feelings of bitterness, like other types of temperaments. Their restraint and coldness can sometimes hurt loved ones.

Properties of temperaments

Stages of conflict - a brief description of the main stages in psychology

Each type of temperament has certain characteristics. To distinguish them, special criteria were developed for assessing the same personality parameters. For example, the pace of reactions will be different for a sanguine person and a phlegmatic person.

The properties of temperament in psychology are considered according to 7 points. Sensitivity determines a person's sensitivity to a stimulus. Responsiveness is the speed of response, for example, to a sudden action or loud sound.

Important! Temper is a high level of sensitivity.

The level of activity determines how quickly a person gets what he wants, what he does to achieve the goal and by what means he achieves it. A characteristic feature of any temperament is plasticity (the ability to adapt to changes in the surrounding world).

Extraversion and introversion are orientation towards the external or internal world. Such people can be briefly described: sociable and unsociable. Excitability must be assessed, i.e. speed of emotional response to a stimulus.

Characteristics of a phlegmatic person

Strengths:

Balanced
Flexible and calm
Assembled
Patient
Tends to be constant
Silent but witty
Friendly and kind
Tends to hide his emotions
Easily comes to terms with his fate
Universal man

Weak sides:

Lack of enthusiasm
Fearful and anxious
Indecisive
Avoids responsibility
Weak will
Selfish
Too shy and secretive
Compromises too often
Complacent

Phlegmatic at work:

Competent and constant
Peace-loving and executive
Possesses administrative skills
Serves as a mediator when problems arise
Avoids conflicts
Capable of working under pressure
Finds easy ways

Most suitable professions
in the field of: medicine, education, psychology and psychotherapy, child development, social service

Phlegmatic friend

He's easy to get along with
Pleasant to talk to
Harmless
Good listener
Dry sense of humor
Likes to watch people
Capable of compassion

Phlegmatic child, teenager, adult

Infant

Pros:

good-natured, unpretentious, joyful, easily adaptable

Minuses:

slow, modest and aloof, indifferent, unresponsive

Child

Pros:

observes others, easy to cheer, does not cause problems, stable, pleasant, calm

Minuses:

selfish, indecisive, avoids work, fearful, a little stubborn, lazy and sleepy, watches a lot of TV.

Teenager

Pros:

pleasant personality, witty, good listener, can be a mediator in solving problems, can lead if pushed, serious attitude

Minuses:

indecisive, unenthusiastic, compromises too often, lacks motivation, sarcastic, remains aloof, procrastinates.

Adult

Emotional needs:

peace and tranquility, sense of importance, lack of stress, respect

Cause of depression:

chaos in life, many problems, pressure from outside

How to cope with stress

: organize your life, turn off the TV, eat and sleep regularly

Energy Level:

Lowest energy level, needs rest, feels drained around people

Temperament type: Melancholic

Melancholic people have a very sensitive, emotional nature.

, and feelings sometimes take over them. Emotions can lift their mood to unprecedented heights, and the rest of the time they remain in a depressed and gloomy state. However, a secondary temperament often balances out this trait.

Melancholic people need to learn to convey their emotions, as they try to protect and protect themselves emotionally. They often demonstrate their love through loyalty and responsibility towards the other person.

If a melancholic person makes full use of his strengths, he is capable of great and wonderful achievements. When they give in to their weaknesses, they are prone to self-destructive behavior.

A pure melancholic person is an introvert and a loner. Melancholic people are goal-oriented, they are perfectionists and often set the bar too high for themselves and the people around them.

They can be called very loyal to their friends and family

. If a melancholic person makes a promise, he will keep it. These are creative people, but prone to deep depression. They can also be called secretive and quite serious.

They are independent, do not respond to promises and rewards, or to the threat of punishment. They are rarely satisfied with the result because they feel they can do it better. They have a realistic view of what is happening. Melancholic people know their limits and rarely take on more than they can handle.

The temperament of a melancholic person is most concentrated on himself.

Due to their sensitive nature, they are easily offended or insulted. They may be suspicious and come to unfounded conclusions. They are prone to introspection to such an extent that it can lead to inactivity and low energy, as well as other problems.

A melancholic person may be calm and quiet on the outside, but inside feel angry or deeply resentful. They keep these feelings to themselves until they build up and one day explode.

The history of the term “temperament”

It's no secret that working in a close-knit team is much easier, calmer and more effective. If conflicts often occur in a team, their consequences negatively affect not only joint activities, but also the well-being of each team member. All people are very different: with their own habits, characters and temperaments. But what is “temperament”, “types of temperament”, what impact do they have on team cohesion, we have to figure it out!

The term “temperament” goes back to the views of ancient science on the nature of individual psychological differences. Ancient Greek medicine, represented by its largest representative Hippocrates (5th century BC), believed that the state of the body depended mainly on the quantitative ratio of “juices” or fluids present in the body: blood, lymph and bile. Roman physicians working several centuries later designated the proportions in the mixing of these juices with the Latin word temperamentum, which means “proper proportion of parts,” from which the term “temperament” is derived. Gradually, in ancient science, the idea became widespread that the mental characteristics of people depended on temperament, that is, on the proportion in which the main “juices” were mixed in the human body. Each of them was characterized by the predominance of a liquid.

The mixing of fluids in the body, characterized by a predominance of blood, was called the sanguine temperament (from the Latin word “sanguis” - blood); mixing, in which lymph predominates, is a phlegmatic temperament (from the Greek word “phlegm” - mucus); mixing with a predominance of yellow bile - choleric temperament (from the Greek word "chole" - bile) and, finally, mixing with a predominance of black bile - melancholic temperament (from the Greek word "melaina chole" - black bile).

The doctrine of the organic basis of temperament, created by ancient science, is now of only historical interest. However, the term “temperament” has firmly entered science, and to this day the division of people, depending on their temperament, into four types has retained its meaning.

Physiological basis of temperament

Already in our time, a number of domestic scientists (I.P. Pavlov, D.M. Teplov, V.D. Nebylitsyn, etc.) wondered what the physiological basis of temperament is. They put forward the doctrine of the types of the nervous system, or the properties of the nervous system. I. P. Pavlov and his colleagues, based on numerous experiments on dogs, identified several main types of the nervous system.

A strong type of nervous system is able to withstand very strong stimuli and is efficient; weak type - sensitive, receptive, but does not tolerate heavy loads well and under extremely strong stimuli (for a person this can be stress) tends to fall into “exorbitant inhibition” (the nervous system cannot withstand the load and protects itself - it seems to temporarily switch off, stops responding) .

In addition, the type of nervous system can be balanced or unbalanced (for example, when a person is difficult to “get angry” - this is a balanced type), as well as mobile or inert (quickly or difficultly switches from one type of activity to another). Inertia and difficulty in switching are also called rigidity; this can be reflected in behavior as conservatism, adherence to the same order, pedantry.

The type of nervous system is its innate property, which, however, can change somewhat under the influence of living conditions. In the school of I.P. Pavlov, the idea was formed that the type of nervous system is closely related to behavioral characteristics, forming the basis of human temperament.

So, temperament is the individual characteristics of a person that determine the dynamics of his mental processes and behavior. Dynamics is understood as tempo, rhythm, duration, intensity of mental processes, in particular emotional processes, as well as some external features of human behavior - mobility, activity, speed or slowness of reactions, etc.

I. P. Pavlov established a relationship between the type of nervous system and temperament:

• strong, balanced, agile type – sanguine;

• strong, balanced, inert type – phlegmatic;

• strong, unbalanced type with a predominance of excitement - choleric;

• weak type – melancholic.

Psychological characteristics of temperament

There is a psychological interpretation of temperament: each of the four types of temperament is determined on the basis of certain characteristic psychological characteristics.

A person with noticeable mental activity, quickly responding to surrounding events, striving for frequent changes of impressions, experiencing failures and troubles relatively easily, lively, active, with expressive facial expressions and movements is called a sanguine person. A sanguine person quickly gets along with people, is sociable, cheerful, easily switches from one type of activity to another, but does not like monotonous work. He easily controls his emotions, quickly gets used to a new environment, and actively comes into contact with people.

A person who is unperturbed, with stable aspirations and mood, with constancy and depth of feelings, with uniformity of actions and speech, with a weak external expression of mental states is called a phlegmatic person. A person of this temperament is: slow, calm, unhurried, balanced. In his activities he demonstrates: thoroughness, thoughtfulness, perseverance. As a rule, he finishes what he starts. In relationships with people, a phlegmatic person is always even, calm, moderately sociable, his mood is stable, a phlegmatic person is not easily enraged and emotionally hurt.

A person who is very energetic, capable of devoting himself to a task with particular passion, fast, assertive, prone to violent emotional outbursts and sudden changes in mood, with rapid movements is called choleric. The predominance of excitation over inhibition, characteristic of this type of nervous activity, is clearly manifested in the incontinence, impetuosity, hot temper, and irritability of the choleric person. Hence the expressive facial expressions, hasty speech, sharp gestures, unrestrained movements. The feelings of a person with choleric temperament are strong, usually clearly manifested, and arise quickly; the mood sometimes changes dramatically. In communicating with people, a choleric person admits harshness, irritability, and emotional incontinence, which often does not give him the opportunity to objectively evaluate people’s actions, and on this basis he creates conflict situations in the team. Excessive straightforwardness, hot temper, harshness, and intolerance sometimes make it difficult and unpleasant to be in a group of such people.

A person who is impressionable, prone to deep experiences, easily vulnerable, but outwardly weakly reacts to the environment, with restrained movements and muffled speech is called a melancholic. Feelings and emotional states in people of melancholic temperament: arise slowly, but are distinguished by depth, great strength and duration; melancholic people are easily vulnerable, have a hard time withstanding insults and grief, although outwardly all these experiences are poorly expressed in them. Representatives of the melancholic temperament are prone to isolation, loneliness, avoid communication with unfamiliar, new people, are often embarrassed, and show great awkwardness in a new environment. Everything new and unusual causes melancholics to become inhibited.

It should be remembered that the division of people into four types of temperament is very arbitrary. There are transitional, mixed, intermediate types of temperament; Often a person's temperament combines traits of different temperaments.

The famous English psychologist Hans Eysenck proposed to determine the type of temperament depending on the ratio of such personality traits as introversion - extraversion and emotional stability - neuroticism. The indicator “introversion - extraversion” characterizes a person’s individual psychological orientation either to the world of external objects (extraversion) or to the internal subjective world (introversion).

It is generally accepted that extroverts (sanguine and choleric) are characterized by sociability, a desire to be among people, impulsiveness, flexibility of behavior, great initiative and high social adaptability. Introverts (phlegmatic and melancholic) are characterized by: unsociability, withdrawal, a rich inner world, social passivity (with sufficient persistence), and a tendency to introspection.

The neuroticism indicator characterizes a person in terms of emotional stability (stability). This indicator is also biopolar and forms a scale, at one pole of which there are people characterized by high emotional stability and excellent adaptation - sanguine and phlegmatic people, and at the other - nervous, unstable and poorly adapted individuals - choleric and melancholic.

Temperament and personality

Temperament is the natural basis for the manifestation of psychological qualities of an individual. However, with any temperament, it is possible to develop in a person qualities that are unusual for a given temperament. Psychological research and pedagogical practice show that temperament changes somewhat under the influence of living conditions and upbringing. Temperament can also change as a result of self-education. Even an adult can change his temperament in a certain direction. It is known, for example, that A.P. Chekhov was a very balanced, modest and delicate person. But here is an interesting fact from his life. In one of his letters to his wife O. L. Knipper-Chekhova, Anton Pavlovich makes the following valuable confession: “You write that you envy my character. I must tell you that by nature I am harsh, I am quick-tempered. But I am used to restraining myself, because it is not proper for a decent person to let himself go. “It is interesting to note that some people, having learned the characteristics of their temperament, deliberately themselves develop certain methods in order to master it. This is what A. M. Gorky did, for example, to restrain the violent manifestations of his temperament. To do this, he deliberately switched to various side actions with objects. With people who expressed views opposite to his, A. M. Gorky tried to be dispassionate and calm.

Cohesion

2. 1. The concept of cohesion

Cohesion (of a group, team) is a characteristic of a system of intra-group connections, showing the degree of coincidence of the group’s assessments, attitudes and positions in relation to objects, people, ideas, events, etc., that are most significant for the group as a whole.

Group cohesion is one of the processes of group dynamics, characterizing the degree of commitment to the group of its members.

How its specific indicators are usually viewed:

1) the level of mutual sympathy in interpersonal relationships: the more group members like each other, the higher its cohesion;

2) the degree of attractiveness (usefulness) of the group for its members - the greater the number of people satisfied with their stay in the group - those for whom the subjective value of the benefits acquired through the group exceeds the significance of the efforts expended - the higher the force of its attraction and cohesion.

According to the ideas of the founders of the concept of group cohesion (American psychologists K. Levin, L. Festinger, D. Cartwright, A. Zander and their followers), group cohesion is a kind of resultant of the forces that keep people in a group.

2. 2. Factors of group cohesion

The main factors of group cohesion most often include:

1) the similarity of the basic orientations of the value members of the group;

2) clarity and certainty of the group goal;

3) democratic style of leadership (management);

4) cooperative interdependence of group members in the process of joint activities;

5) optimism and vigor of collective life and activity;

6) feeling of security;

7) the presence of public opinion;

the presence of a positive psychological climate;

9) relatively small group size;

10) prestige of the group.

A highly developed, cohesive team is characterized by the presence of a friendly background of relationships, emotional empathy, and sympathy for each other.

Chapter III

Practical work. Research results

Based on theoretical knowledge and practical observations of the behavior of students at our school, we assumed that the types of temperaments affect the cohesion of the team: if sanguine and phlegmatic people predominate in the team, then the cohesion of the team should be high; if choleric and melancholic people predominate in a team, then the cohesion of the team should be low.

To confirm or refute our hypothesis, we conducted the “Temperament Formula” test with the respondents, with the help of which we determined the types of temperaments, and the “Group Cohesion Questionnaire”, to identify the levels of team cohesion. The respondents were 8th grade students. A total of 56 people took part in the survey.

Diagnostic results for class 8A students - 18 people in total.

A comparative analysis of the results allows us to draw the following conclusions:

• in the class there are 67% sanguine people, which corresponds to high and above average (67% in total) levels of team cohesion;

• the number of choleric and melancholic people is 33%, which corresponds to average and below average (33% in total) levels of team cohesion.

Diagnostic results for 8D grade students - 20 people in total.

A comparative analysis of the results allows us to draw the following conclusions:

• in the class of sanguine and phlegmatic people there is only 70%, which corresponds to high and above average (70% in total) levels of team cohesion;

• the number of choleric and melancholic people is 30%, which corresponds to the average (only 30%) level of team cohesion.

Diagnostic results for 8E grade students - 18 people in total.

A comparative analysis of the results allows us to draw the following conclusions:

• in the class of sanguine and phlegmatic people there is only 66%, which corresponds to high and above average (66% in total) levels of team cohesion;

• the number of choleric and melancholic people is 34%, which corresponds to average and below average (34% in total) levels of team cohesion.

General diagnostic results for all classes:

A comparative analysis of the results allows us to draw the following conclusions:

• in all classes of sanguine and phlegmatic people only 68%, which corresponds to high and above average (68% in total) levels of team cohesion;

• the number of choleric and melancholic people is 32%, which corresponds to average and below average (32% in total) levels of team cohesion.

General conclusions: Thus, the results of this study allow us to confirm our hypothesis about the influence of temperament types on team cohesion.

Conclusion

The work is devoted to the problem of the influence of temperament types on team cohesion.

The study of psychological and pedagogical literature allowed us to draw the following conclusions:

1. 1. Temperament is the individual characteristics of a person that determine the dynamics of his mental processes and behavior.

1. 2. There is a relationship between the type of nervous system and temperament:

• strong, balanced, agile type – sanguine;

• strong, balanced, inert type – phlegmatic;

• strong, unbalanced type with a predominance of excitement - choleric;

• weak type – melancholic.

1. 3. Each of the four types of temperament is determined on the basis of certain characteristic psychological characteristics.

1. 4. The type of temperament can be determined depending on the ratio of such personality traits as introversion - extraversion and emotional stability - neuroticism.

1. 5. The division into types of temperaments is very arbitrary; there are transitional, mixed, intermediate types of temperament; Often a person's temperament combines traits of different temperaments.

1. 6. With any temperament, it is possible to develop in a person qualities that are unusual for a given temperament.

2. Cohesion (of a group, team) – a characteristic of a system of intra-group connections, showing the degree of coincidence of the group’s assessments, attitudes and positions in relation to objects, people, ideas, events, etc., that are most significant for the group as a whole; one of the processes of group dynamics, characterizing the degree of commitment to the group of its members.

3. Having analyzed the psychological literature, we assumed that the types of temperaments influence the cohesion of the team: if sanguine and phlegmatic people predominate in the team, then the cohesion of the team should be high; if choleric and melancholic people predominate in a team, then the cohesion of the team should be low.

We tested our assumption with a practical study using the “Formula of Temperament” and “Group Cohesion Questionnaire” methods.

Analysis of the research results led to the conclusion that types of temperament affect team cohesion.

Taking into account the results of our research, we have developed recommendations for students and teachers. We plan to familiarize students (in class) and teachers with the results of this study and recommendations.