Cognitive communication - examples and challenges
This type of communication means the transfer of absolutely any information. For example, questions and answers about food prices, the weather the next day, the start time of a concert. During the conversation, a dispute may arise about the basic principles of solving a problem in mathematics, or the simplest ways to find the nearest library. The communication and interpretation of information can be classified as cognitive communication. However, there are other types of it that are difficult to come across in everyday conversation. All of these are communicative interactions in which people exchange their accumulated experience.
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In fact, the need to transmit existing information played a significant role in the development of human language and the further development of personality.
In some cases, cognitive communication is used as a way of explaining a certain subject to oneself. It is often practiced as a method of scientific knowledge and takes the form of a monologue.
Read also
It is easier to know people in general than one person in particular. F La Rochefoucauld In constant communication, the results of the first impression continue to operate. However, with constant and long-term communication, only the traits and properties attributed to our partner may not be enough for us. [read more].
It is easier to know people in general than one person in particular. F La Rochefoucauld In constant communication, the results of the first impression continue to operate. However, with constant and long-term communication, only the traits and properties attributed to our partner may not be enough for us. [read more].
It is easier to know people in general than one person in particular. F La Rochefoucauld In constant communication, the results of the first impression continue to operate. However, with constant and long-term communication, only the traits and properties attributed to our partner may not be enough for us. [read more].
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Cognitive communication in science
In science and psychology, cognitive communication is expressed not only in the transmission of information, but also in the understanding of the interlocutor. Understanding each other is an important part of dialogue. During the dialogue, various arguments are used to convince the opponent.
This may seem complicated, so it's worth clearing up a couple of things:
- Mental activity has a dual focus. It can influence not only the interlocutor, but also the person himself.
- By giving arguments and trying to prove his own rightness, a person at the same time tries to “convince” himself of the correctness of his own position.
- Because of this, the interlocutor may be perceived as a kind of “alter ego,” especially if the conversation takes the form of a monologue.
The subject (the person himself) is also forced to look at the world through the eyes of his interlocutor, try on his own arguments for himself, and test the strength of the facts presented before. This is how scientific knowledge can work - it is necessary to explain and prove a certain phenomenon not only to others, but also to oneself.
Great scientists must have more than just talent in the particular field they study. But they must also have a certain literary talent in order to correctly put their arguments into words. Thereby proving their worth.
However, this is science. In everyday life, sometimes an ordinary person is able to encounter different options for cognitive communication when it comes to an ordinary everyday dispute on any issue. The same mechanisms come into play. People try to understand not only themselves, but also their interlocutor. Check the strength of your own picture of the world and change it according to the information received. Various barriers to understanding can stand in the way, ranging from language to lack of contact when people fail to establish dialogue.
Perceptual side of communication
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Considering the process of cognition of a person by a person in communication, S. L. Rubinstein wrote:
“In everyday life, when communicating with people, we navigate their behavior, since we seem to “read” it, i.e. we decipher the meaning of its external data and reveal the meaning of the resulting text in a context that has its own internal psychological plan. This “reading” occurs fluently, since in the process of communicating with the people around us, a certain, more or less automatically functioning subtext to their behavior is developed.”
‘.
Questions about how this “fluent reading” of another person occurs, which allows us to understand his behavior, arise before each of us. Very often it is important not only to understand this or that behavior in itself, but also its foundations, origins, driving forces and mechanisms. That is why it is necessary to understand what stands for us behind the words “perception and understanding of another in communication”
In order to understand this, you need to answer the following questions.
How are first impressions formed?
How does the perception and understanding of another occur in long-term communication?
How do we understand our partner's actions?
How does self-presentation (self-presentation) manifest itself in communication?
First impression
You should not judge a person by his face - it only allows you to make assumptions
Labruyère
Psychologists have discovered several typical schemes by which the image of another person is built and which are used to one degree or another by all people. Constructing an image of a partner according to these schemes sometimes leads to so-called first impression effects or systematic errors in social perception. Knowledge of these patterns can contribute to understanding how first impressions of a person are formed.
The most commonly used perception scheme is that it is triggered in the event of inequality between partners in a particular area. Inequality errors manifest themselves in the fact that people tend to systematically overestimate the various psychological qualities of those people who are superior to them in some parameter that is important to them. It is interesting to note the following.
In the experiments of A.A. Bodalev, groups of subjects were asked to describe a person from a photograph. Before showing the same photograph, one group was made to understand that this was a photo of a hero, and the other
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a criminal.
Depending on the proposed status of the person, the descriptions changed. Here are the descriptions of the criminal: “A degraded man, very embittered, unkemptly dressed, unkempt. One might think that before becoming a criminal, he was an employee or an intellectual. A very angry look."
And here is the description of the hero; “Very strong-willed person. Eyes that are not afraid of anything look from under their brows. The lips are compressed, one feels spiritual strength and resilience. Proud facial expression"
‘.
In case of inequality errors, the perception scheme is as follows. When we meet a person who is superior to us in some important parameter, we evaluate him somewhat more positively than would be the case if he were equal to us. If we are dealing with a person whom we are superior in some way, then we underestimate him. It is very important to remember that superiority is recorded in one parameter, and overestimation (or underestimation) occurs in many parameters. These mistakes can be called a superiority factor.
No less important and recognizable are the mistakes associated with whether we like our communication partner in appearance or not. These mistakes lie in the fact that if we like a person (outwardly), then at the same time we tend to consider him better, smarter, more interesting, etc. (i.e., again, overestimate many of his psychological characteristics)
We can find similar examples from many writers. For example, L.N. Tolstoy says in “The Kreutzer Sonata”: “It’s amazing how complete the illusion can be that beauty is good. A beautiful woman says nonsense
—————-
Rubinstein S.L. Principles and ways of development of psychology - M, 1959 - C 180J
BodalevAA Personality and Society - M., 1983 - P. 12.
you listen and don’t hear stupid things, but hear smart things. She says, does nasty things, and you see something cute. When she doesn’t say anything stupid or nasty, but is beautiful, then you are now convinced that she is amazingly smart and moral.”
‘.
In this case, under the influence of one factor, a person’s properties are overestimated or underestimated. Here we are dealing with the factor of attractiveness - the more externally attractive a person is to us, the better he is in all respects, but if he is unattractive, then his other qualities are underestimated.
The following scheme is also well known. Those people who treat us well seem to us much better than those who treat us badly. This is a manifestation of the so-called “attitude towards us” factor.
American psychologists R. Nisbet and T. Wilson conducted the following experiment. The students communicated for half an hour with a new teacher, who behaved friendly with some subjects and distant with others, emphasizing social distance. After this, students were asked to rate a number of characteristics of the teacher. The results turned out to be quite clear. Ratings of a friendly teacher turned out to be significantly higher than ratings of a “distant” one.
From this we can conclude that a positive attitude towards us gives rise to a strong tendency to attribute positive properties and “discard” negative ones, and vice versa - a negative attitude causes a tendency not to notice the positive aspects of a partner and highlight the negative ones. This is the effect of the factor under consideration.
The three types of errors we considered when forming a first impression are called the halo effect. The halo effect occurs when, when forming a first impression, a generally positive impression of a person leads to an overestimation of an unknown person. The mechanism of errors is similar in all three cases, but the source of the halo is different reasons, which made it possible to identify three main errors - superiority, attractiveness and attitude towards us.
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1 Tolstoy L.N. Collection op. — T. 12. — P. 148
It is very important to note that all three of these factors cover almost all possible communication situations. It follows from this that the primary perception of another person is always erroneous. However, this is not quite true. Special studies show that almost every adult with sufficient communication experience is able to accurately determine almost all the characteristics of a partner. But this accuracy occurs only in neutral situations (and such situations occur only in special experiments and are completely absent in real life). Moreover, in the same experiments it was discovered that in real life there is always one or another percentage of errors. Why is this happening? Probably because a person is never faced with the task of simply perceiving another person. The image of a partner that is created when meeting is a regulator of subsequent behavior; it is necessary in order to correctly and effectively build communication in a given situation. Our communication is structured depending on who we are communicating with, and for each category of partners there are different communication techniques.
This is especially clear in the example of communication between adults and young children. How often many adults do not know how to talk to children and how often small children have difficulty communicating with unfamiliar adults! The reason for these failures is the lack of adequate communication techniques among both of them, despite such a huge and obvious superiority in all respects among adults.
In each situation, the “focus” of perception turns out to be those signs of another person that make it possible to determine his membership in a particular group in accordance with the characteristics of the situation and the requirements for constructing further behavior. However, all other features and features that are “out of focus” are simply completed according to certain schemes, and this is where the possibility of error arises. Thus, the perception of any other person is both right and wrong, right and wrong.
However, it is important to know not only the scheme of perception, but also those signs in the appearance of another person or in a situation that “trigger” perception according to this scheme.
Research shows that we have two main sources of information at our disposal to determine the superiority parameter::
1) a person’s clothing, his entire image;
2) a person’s behavior (how he sits, walks, talks, where he looks, etc.).
Apart from these two signs, we have no others. But these sources are really significant only because the information is contained in them in accordance with historically established stereotypes.
Highlight superiority with the help of some external ones, i.e. visible means is always very significant.
In earlier times, this was so important that certain clothes not only could be worn by people of a certain status, or social position, but had to be worn by them. For example, in the Middle Ages, the church dictated almost everything in clothing, down to the smallest detail. This dictate was secured by certain edicts, which were carved on a stone installed in the middle of the city. It is clear that any resident of medieval Europe, just by looking at a person, immediately understood who (socially) was in front of him. There were periods when a system of such regulations was developed down to the smallest detail.
In China, for example, until the 20th century. the most common clothing was a dressing gown, with men's and women's dressing gowns differing only in details. Social status was determined only by style (there were only two) and color. So, only the emperor could wear a yellow robe, brown and white
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elderly dignitaries, red and blue
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heroes.
Students wore blue robes, peasants wore white, and poor people wore black. Along with the democratization of society, the official role of clothing is changing. Now, for example, there are no prohibitions or rules, everyone can wear whatever they want. Nevertheless, the connection of clothing with one type of superiority or another remains quite strong. Research shows that almost all adults can determine a person’s social status by clothing, as well as roughly indicate their occupation.
In the manner of behavior, as in clothing, there are always elements that allow one to judge a person’s status (“What befits Jupiter does not befit a bull,” says the ancient saying). That is why we can all determine our equality or inequality with another person by our behavior.
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1 See: Kozlova V.G. Costume as a sign system. - M., 1980
What is superior behavior? Most likely, it can be defined as independence in various situations and circumstances.
This includes, first of all, independence from the partner: a person shows that he is not interested in the one with whom he communicates, his reaction, mood, state or what he is talking about. Such external independence can also look like arrogance, impudence, self-confidence, etc. Independence from the communication situation is revealed in the following: a person does not seem to notice some of its aspects
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presence of witnesses, poorly chosen moment, various obstacles, etc.
Such behavior almost always indicates a certain superiority. A too relaxed posture (for example, lounging in a chair) during an important conversation can mean superiority in the situation, power. It also happens that a person looks to the side, out the window, examines his nails -
this is a clear demonstration of superiority and power (by the way, addicted people usually look carefully at their interlocutor, “look into the eyes”).
If a person speaks incomprehensibly to the interlocutor, he uses a lot of special terms, foreign words, i.e. does not strive to be understood, such behavior is sometimes recorded as intellectual superiority. Behavior may contain signs of superiority for various reasons: due to actual superiority, objective or only subjective, as well as due to situational superiority. Of course, the perception of superiority is influenced by a person’s entire experience and internal position. Let us note that the effect of the superiority factor begins when a person detects the superiority of another over himself by signs in clothing and behavior.
If there are no particular difficulties with defining signs of superiority, then with regard to signs of attractiveness everything is different. Ask yourself or someone you know, what are the external signs that make one person attractive and another not? You will not receive a satisfactory answer, although the practical definition of attractiveness, as a rule, does not cause problems.
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1 See: Vygotsky Ya.S. Historical meaning of the psychological crisis. - Op. - T.1.-M., 1982.
The complexity of this issue is due to the fact that everyone is accustomed to considering attractiveness only as an individual impression. We can say that signs of attractiveness are a person's efforts to appear in a socially approved way in some group.
The sign that “triggers” the corresponding scheme for forming an impression is everything that indicates the partner’s agreement or disagreement with us (factor of attitude towards us).
In any case, we must realize that the mistake is not the first impression itself, but the misuse of this impression in long-term interpersonal communication.
Long-term communication
It is easier to know people in general than one person in particular.
F La Rochefoucauld
In constant communication, the results of the first impression continue to apply . However, with constant and long-term communication, only the traits and properties attributed to our partner at first impression may not be enough for us. In constant communication, a deeper and more objective understanding of the partner becomes important.
In real communication, we almost always roughly understand what is happening with our partner. At the same time, it is unlikely that everyone can explain at any time why it seems to him that the interlocutor is upset about something or does not want to continue the conversation. However, this understanding exists, otherwise we would not find out what happened or try to end the conversation. This means that the perception of another person in communication provides us with material for drawing conclusions. The problem is this: sometimes we don’t know what kind of material it is, what we actually perceived and how it turned out for us.
When communicating with a partner, we receive a large amount of information about him, his condition and experiences. It is also known that the ability to adequately perceive other individuals varies from person to person. Why? Some believe it depends on life experience. However, each of us has observed people who have a lot of life experience, but it did not help them communicate. At the same time, there are young people who are excellent at seeing something in a partner in time and understanding what is happening to him. And finally, small children. They lack life experience, but many know how accurately and subtly children perceive adults and literally feel them. There are probably abilities that allow one to see the inner content behind external signs.
How to understand your partner? Psychological research shows that almost all details of a person’s external appearance can carry information about his emotional states, his attitude towards others, as well as his attitude towards himself.
A person’s face, his gestures, facial expressions, the general style of expressive behavior, gait, his manner of standing, sitting, habitual postures and their changes during a conversation, spatial orientation in relation to partners - all this has a certain content and carries information about the internal states of a person. Of course, what most attracts our attention in the appearance of another person is his face.
Indeed, you can make a “smart” face and thereby influence the opinion of yourself, and in addition, the face is often “spiritualized”, “funny”, “enlightened”, “gloomy”, etc. Thus, the first thing that is reflected in a person’s face is emotions. There are seven basic facial expressions : happiness, surprise, fear, distress, anger, disgust (or contempt) and interest. Perception of a person's emotional state from the face occurs very quickly and accurately.
When reading information from a face, the direction of gaze plays an important role..
For example, it is very unpleasant to talk to a person who does not look at you all the time, “averts his eyes.” Likewise, it’s not very pleasant to be stared at all the time. What does the direction of gaze express? Foreign psychologists believe that gaze is associated with the process of forming a statement - and the difficulty of this process. When a person first formulates a thought, he most often looks to the side (“into space”); when the thought is fully formulated - at the interlocutor. When it comes to difficult things, the interlocutor is looked at less when the difficulty is overcome
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more.
In general, the one who is speaking at the moment looks less at his partner - he looks at him only to check his reaction and interest. The listener looks more towards the speaker and “sends” feedback signals to him. However, although the face is the main source of psychological information, nevertheless, in many situations it is much less informative than we think . This is due to the fact that facial expressions are well controlled by a person, despite the popular belief that a face can give away a person even when he does not want it (“as it is written on the face”).
Under certain circumstances (for example, following the rules of etiquette), when a person wants to hide his feelings, the face becomes less informative, and the body becomes the main source of information for the partner. Some psychologists even call the body a place of “information leakage” about our mental states.
Gait, for example, is also one of the most important keys to understanding a person’s internal state. No wonder the gait is so recognizable
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it is strictly individual.
It is quite easy to recognize a person’s emotional state by their gait. Moreover, it turned out that the “heaviest” gait was
in a state of anger, and the longest step length
was
in a state of pride.
When a person experiences suffering, he hardly swings his arms, they “hang”, and if he is happy, then he “flies”, his steps are more frequent and lighter. In order for the ability to understand a partner to begin to manifest itself in communication, not only and not so much knowledge and experience are needed, but something else - a special attitude towards the partner, a special focus on him. No matter how experienced and wise we are in life and knowledge, in order to understand a person, we need to want this: to want to understand what he thinks about, why he experiences, his point of view and way of thinking.
Everyone can remember situations when perception and understanding in communication were clear, easy, and fulfilling. These are relationships with loved ones, with close friends.
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everything here happens by itself, without labor or thought.
In such situations, we really want to understand the other, not to offend him, not to do something wrong, etc. The mechanism of this type of perception and understanding of another is empathy. Empathy is based on the ability (which is determined by the desire) to put oneself in the place of another, to look at everything through his eyes, to feel his condition and position and take them into account in one’s behavior.
Our actions in communication
A man is nothing more than a series of his actions
G. Hegel
We considered issues of our vision and understanding of people. But it is still necessary to answer the question of how we understand their actions, and not only because a person is better visible through his actions (as G. Goethe said: “Behavior is a mirror in which everyone shows his face”), but also because that an adequate understanding of a person's actions can ultimately lead to the success of interaction with him.
For example, you come to work and your manager greets you with compliments. Why did it happen? Do you really look that good today or does he need something from you? Or maybe he's just in a good mood?
You tell a friend about your problems, and suddenly in the middle of the conversation he apologizes and asks to postpone the conversation until tomorrow. Why? Does he have some urgent matter right now or is he just tired of you with your problems?
For each of us, the structure of interaction with another person largely depends on understanding the origins of actions and their causes. The ways and mechanisms of such understanding could not but interest psychologists, so a whole direction arose: the study of the processes and results of causal attribution (attribution of causes) of behavior.
How does one explain the behavior of others in practice?
For example, someone is late for a date with friends. One of those waiting believes that this is due to poor transport performance, another suggests that it is late
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the result of the frivolity of the one who is late, the third begins to doubt whether he told the late person a different, incorrect meeting place, and the fourth believes that they are deliberately forced to wait.
Thus, everyone has their own ideas about the reason for being late. The first sees it in the circumstances, the second -
especially in the personality of the person who is late, the third sees the reason in himself, and the fourth considers
the delay to be intentional and purposeful. The reasons for being late are motivated in completely different ways, and this is due to the fact that friends make attribution differently.
When does causal attribution occur? The need for it appears in cases where unexpected obstacles and difficulties arise on the path to joint activities. When difficulties and conflicts arise, as well as a clash of interests or views, people resort to causal attribution of their own or others’ behavior and thus try to influence further events. Moreover, the greater the difficulties we encounter during interaction, the more seriously we approach the search for the causes of these difficulties.
Self-presentation in communication
Charm is when they say “yes” to you when you didn’t ask for anything.
And Camus
At least two people participate in communication, and each of them can actively influence the perception of the partner. It is this ability to interfere in the process of forming one’s image with a partner that is called self-presentation (for some authors - self-presentation, self-presentation). Essentially, self-presentation is about managing attention.
For example, when we look at a tree, our attention generally depends on ourselves: if we are in a bad mood, then we pay attention to the ugly growths on the trunk, and if we are in a good mood, then to the green foliage. A tree is not able to control our attention on its own - it cannot “cover” an ugly place with branches, it cannot rustle its leaves soothingly. When perceiving a specific person, everything is different. Everyone can control their partner's attention
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wear bright clothes, emphasize some things in your behavior, and shade others and, thus, create a kind of hierarchy of features of your image.
Attention can be controlled involuntarily and unconsciously, with the same success as consciously, although, of course, targeted self-presentation can sometimes be completely irresistible. Probably, every person at least once was interested in what impression he makes on others, i.e. he was worried about the result of his self-presentation (and this result is always associated with the formation of a holistic impression). Managing a partner’s perception occurs by drawing attention to those features of one’s appearance, one’s behavior or ideas about the situation that “trigger” the corresponding mechanisms of social perception.
Such mechanisms of social perception include: self-presentation of superiority, attractiveness, attitude, current state and reasons for behavior.
Self-presentation of excellence. In order to be effective, this mechanism of social perception must be based on some objective signs, signs of superiority - clothing, manner of speech and behavior. But since self-presentation is the control of a partner’s attention, it is also very important that these factors, with such a mechanism of social perception, be really noticeable, accentuated, underlined and highlighted.
For example, one person's fashionable youth clothing will have an impact on others only if it is considered against the backdrop of the unfashionable clothing of others. When everyone is dressed the same, this factor will not work.
If we need to hide superiority, then we must take care of the opposite. When a young girl puts on a strict dark gray suit, everyone understands that she is not going to a dance. It is probably extremely important for her to emphasize her status - she needs to veil her youth and emphasize some formality.
Self-presentation of excellence is very important for people whose specialty involves professional communication - managers, lawyers and many others. They are usually aware of this, but do not always understand what specific paths are available to achieve success. That is why in many countries around the world there are consulting firms that help “deliver” the desired self-presentation. The work of a consultant is based on an intimate knowledge of how, in the specific conditions of a certain social group, representatives of other groups are perceived and how they should look in order for their activities to be effective.
If it is quite easy to show superiority through clothing, then emphasizing superiority in behavior is much more difficult. A sign of superiority here is independence, which hides certain violations of communication norms.
For example, the defiant behavior of young people serves precisely to emphasize their superiority through this manner of behavior. Who has not heard exaggeratedly loud laughter on public transport or the emphasized use of either incomprehensible or obscene words? This is a kind of self-presentation
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only through independence (in this case -
in speech). Of course, this behavior
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a sign of low communication culture.
Self-presentation of attractiveness. Attractiveness is also a matter of control. Moreover, if the self-presentation of superiority is not always important for a person, then the self-presentation of attractiveness is important for everyone.
The rule of self-presentation of attractiveness is very simple: it is not the clothes themselves that make us attractive, but the work that we spend on bringing them into line with our external data.
Self-presentation of attitude. Self-presentation of superiority and self-presentation of attractiveness are significantly inferior to self-presentation of attitude in terms of meaning and frequency of use. Indeed, it is always very important to be able to show your partner your attitude towards him - often good, but sometimes bad.
We are well aware that a frown, a glance to the side or past the interlocutor does not endear others to such a partner, while a smile, a nod of agreement or an open look helps to establish contact. But, of course, here too our knowledge and ideas are more intuitive than accurate. What is an “open view”? Typically, direct gaze is interpreted as an expression of good feelings. But there is one significant exception. If someone looks at us directly, intently, continuously and persistently, then such a challenging gaze is often interpreted as a sign of hostility rather than friendliness.
Methods of self-presentation of attitude towards us can be divided into verbal and non-verbal. We know verbal methods well from the techniques used by sycophants. They are very accurately and completely described by satirists. N.V. Gogol, who paid a lot of attention to the description of Chichikov’s self-presentation, gives a very complete list of verbal techniques. Here are just a few of them.
“In conversations with these rulers, he very skillfully knew how to flatter everyone. He somehow hinted in passing to the governor that entering his province was like entering paradise, the roads were velvet everywhere, and that those rulers who appoint wise dignitaries deserve great praise. He said something very flattering to the police chief about the city guards, and in conversations with the vice-governor and the chairman of the chamber, who were still only state councilors, he even said twice in error: “your excellency,” which they really liked.”
‘.
If we analyze such techniques, we will see that the main thing in them is the ability to express agreement with the interlocutor as quickly as possible on issues that are significant to him and in no way object. We often use the same techniques in everyday communication situations.
For example, we meet a new person. The most acceptable tactic
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find a common topic for conversation.
Moreover, it is important to find just such a topic, the points of view on which obviously coincide. Maybe that’s why talking about the weather is such a typical way to start a conversation. The arsenal of nonverbal means is varied: you can show your attitude with a nod of the head or a glance. But perhaps the most important thing is the posture and position of the body in relation to the interlocutor.
If we turn our face to the interlocutor, then this demonstrates one attitude, and if we turn our back, it demonstrates another. This can be seen very well in children: if a child loves an adult, then he tries to be as close to him as possible, and if he doesn’t love him, he runs away or hides. If it is not customary for adults to turn their backs to their interlocutor, then children do this all the time: when they are offended, they turn away, stand sideways, look from under their brows. All these are signs of a certain attitude.
It is very important that verbal and nonverbal means do not contradict each other: the coincidence of these means increases trust in a person.
1 Gogol N.V. Dead Souls. - Izbr in 2 volumes. - T. 2. - M., 1962. - P 2.
Self-presentation of the current state and reasons for behavior. A huge number of frequently used phrases such as “it’s not my fault that...”, “circumstances were such that...”, “I was forced...”, etc., are quite simple and accessible to everyone, naive, if I may say so. to express ourselves, by means of self-presentation, in which the partner’s attention is drawn to the reason for our own actions that seems most acceptable to us.
Self-presentation always influences communication, completely regardless of how fully people imagine it and how they relate to it.
If two friends are going to have an important conversation with the boss and one of them considers it necessary to wear his best suit, white shirt and tie in order to look “the part,” and the other despises such adaptation to the situation and therefore goes in jeans and an old sweater, then, despite Both have different attitudes towards it, self-presentation: the first “presents” formality, respect, status, respectability, the other “presents” independence, naivety, self-sufficiency.
Thus, self-presentation is objectively present in any communication, whether a person wants it or not. This means that in any situation it can serve as a source of errors in the perception of another person. Self-presentation plays an important role in friendships and business relationships. That is why, if its influence is underestimated, then this is an unforgivable mistake.
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