During growth, the human body undergoes many changes, and in certain periods there are crises. The meaning of the word “crisis” from a medical point of view differs from what is generally accepted in society. This is an extremely unfavorable time for the economy, after which it is difficult to expect immediate positive changes. In medicine, the original meaning of the Greek word “krinein” is used - “I divide.” That is, a crisis is a sharp transition from one state to another, qualitatively changed. In pediatrics, the stages of child development are separated by critical periods. This is the most vulnerable time for the body, but after the crisis the body acquires new qualities and reaches a completely different level of existence. Anatomical and physiological indicators change, the child grows and approaches an adult level of life.
There are various classifications that try to reflect the stages of child development in relation to their industry:
- Pedagogical;
- Legal;
- Psychological;
- Medical.
Teachers determine age-related opportunities for teaching children and the degree of their intellectual development. The stages of development of a child’s speech as the second signaling system of higher nervous activity are of great importance.
Legal classification determines the degree of responsibility before the law and ensures the property and other rights of minors.
Psychology considers the stages of child development in terms of personality formation, taking into account hereditary and acquired communication skills in society.
Medical classification considers the period of childhood as the initial period of life, in which children of certain age groups have their own anatomical and physiological characteristics. From the point of view of genetics, the stages of child development include the very initial period of existence, from the moment of formation of the zygote. This is the first crisis in a person’s life. The end of childhood, from a medical point of view, ends with puberty.
Age stages of child development
According to the age of a person, childhood years of life are divided into certain periods of time. Medical classification takes into account the anatomical and physiological characteristics of the body in relation to medical methods of diagnosis and treatment. Many sections seem unacceptable to society, pedagogy, and jurisdiction, but the age stages of a child’s development, one way or another, begin from the first minute after conception and are divided into the following periods:
- Embryonic;
- Perinatal;
- Chest;
- Pre-school;
- Preschool;
- School: junior and senior (puberty).
The intrauterine stage of child development lasts for 280 days, which is 10 lunar months. During this period of life, three crisis points in fetal development are identified:
- Zygote formation;
- Formation of the placenta;
- Childbirth.
At each segment of a person’s intrauterine life, the processes of formation and formation of internal organs occur. This is of great importance for the prevention of congenital diseases. Harmful factors are excluded, necessary and safe medications are selected for the expectant mother.
The neonatal stage of child development covers the first four weeks of a person's life. This is the neonatal period, which is characterized by adaptation to life after intrauterine stay. At this time, the child’s body is in a constant struggle with aggressive environmental factors.
During infancy, further adaptation occurs. Breastfed children are more resistant to infections because they are protected by the mother's immune system. However, many processes in the baby’s body at this time tend to generalize. Thus, a febrile reaction in almost all children is accompanied by a convulsive syndrome. By one year of life, the infant stage of child development ends. The child completely adapts to the environment.
The preschool period of development lasts from one to three years. Children are susceptible to age-related infections due to increased contact with peers. In such a short period of time, all stages of child speech development pass through, so children are subject to mandatory examination by a speech therapist. This is the time of childhood infections: chickenpox, measles, scarlet fever, mumps, etc.
The preschool stage of child development lasts from three to seven years. There is a noticeable decrease in body weight growth, but limb growth continues. At the age of six, the replacement of baby teeth with permanent teeth begins. Pathological processes lose their systemic character, and diseases are limited to damage to individual organs.
In the primary school period of childhood, the skeletal system is subjected to the greatest load, and spinal curvature is prevented. A change in nutrition at this stage of a child’s development provokes the development of gastrointestinal pathology. Children suffer due to non-compliance with hygiene rules, which is manifested by diseases of “dirty hands”: intestinal infections, helminthiasis, acute hepatitis.
Puberty, that is, the final stage of child development, is characterized by the development of secondary genital organs, starting at 12 years of age. By the age of 16, the clinical manifestations of all adolescent diseases proceed in the same way as in adults.
Stages of personality development - stages of development, psychology
Human personality develops throughout life. Sometimes this development causes negative damage to self-esteem, but if you try, everything can always be corrected, the main thing is to know what stage of development is happening at this stage of life.
Stage No. 1 – First year of life
In addition to the fact that a little person begins to grow and explore the world around him, it is at this stage of life that he learns to trust others. If a mother gives her child love and care, the grown-up person will later believe in the world that surrounds him. If a mother is not in a hurry to give her child her love, most likely he will grow up to be an insecure and introverted person.
Stage No. 2 – From 1 year to 3 years
It is during this period of life that the child learns independence. If parents give their child freedom, he begins to understand that he can do a lot in life on his own, and he develops self-confidence. If parents try to do everything themselves for the child, the child develops a feeling of self-doubt, shyness and lack of independence. But for now, this is not a verdict and a person can still change his attitude towards life, and towards himself, if he wants.
Stage No. 3 From 3 to 6 years
During this period, children often ask various questions, fantasize and expect encouragement from loved ones. If they get answers to questions and are confident that they will be praised for good deeds, they become entrepreneurial.
If parents do not want to spend time with their child at all, this can have a detrimental effect on his personality in the future. The child not only ends up becoming a closed person, he may also develop pathologies of various kinds. Which further lead to passivity, frigidity and impotence.
Stage No. 4 From 6 to 12 years
This is a very important period of development in the life of every person, because it is at this age that the first stable attitude towards life is formed. How complete the child will be depends on how the child’s parents raised him during this period of time, on the emotions that arose in him and on what he saw.
Stage No. 5 From 20 to 25 years
This is the first important adult life stage of personality development. The man grew up, got a profession, and seemingly chose his own path in life. And in fact, all he needs in this period is to have intimacy, both spiritual and physical, with the person he loves.
As practice shows, at this age, not everyone finds their soulmate, and it turns out that this depends on how the childhood life stages were passed through. If they were not as successful as they would like, then it’s time to pull yourself together and change your personality.
Stage No. 6 From 25 years to 65 years
Psychologists believe that during this period you can choose two directions. The first is productivity, namely the ability to choose the right profession that will be beneficial, the ability to empathize and care about someone else. The second is inertia, the ability to take care only of oneself, creating comfort exclusively for oneself.
In the 21st century, more and more people are choosing the second direction, and this no longer surprises anyone, but perhaps this is why more and more people feel unhappy, even if they have endless wealth?
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The main stages of child development
Critical periods determine transitions from one state of the child’s body to another. Therefore, the main stages of child development are separated by the following crises:
- Newborns;
- First year of life;
- Three years of age;
- Seven years of age;
- Seventeen years old.
In some countries, the legal age of majority is set at 21 years, based on the level of development of higher nervous activity. From a physiological point of view, the final formation of personality is completed by the age of 25.
Development of a child’s personality in early preschool age
Stage 1: 1-1.5 years - the child does not know the functions of objects;
Stage 2: 2-2.5 years - rigid assignment of function to the subject;
Stage 3: after 2.5 years - separation of action from the object, the child masters the functions of the object and begins to use some objects instead of others (substitute objects, when the child begins to transfer the learned methods of action to other objects). Within the framework of objective activity, play arises (at the end of early childhood).
2. Development of mental functions at an early age
Speech becomes a full-fledged means of communication. In addition to speech, other mental functions develop at an early age - perception, thinking, memory, attention.
Attention and memory are involuntary.
Thinking is visually effective; it is based on perception and action with objects.
3. Personality manifestation at an early age
Stages of personality development:
Early childhood is characterized by vivid emotional reactions associated with the child’s immediate desires. At the end of this period, when approaching the 3-year crisis, affective reactions to the difficulties faced by the child are observed. He tries to do something on his own, but nothing works out for him or there is no adult nearby at the right moment - there is no one to come to the rescue and do it with him. In such a situation, an emotional outburst is quite likely.
Affective outbursts are best extinguished when adults react to them calmly enough, and, if possible, ignore them altogether. Otherwise, the special attention of adults acts as positive reinforcement: the child quickly notices that persuasion and other pleasant moments in communication with relatives follow his tears or anger, and begins to act up more often in order to achieve this. In addition, a young child is easily distracted. If he is really upset, it is enough for an adult to show him a favorite or a new toy, offer to do something interesting with him - and the child, for whom one desire is easily replaced by another, instantly switches and is happy to do a new activity.
By the age of three, the pronoun “I” appears.
4. Crisis of 3 years
The 3-year-old crisis—the border between early and preschool childhood—is one of the most difficult moments in a child’s life.
Characteristics of the 3-year crisis.
1) The first of them is negativism.
The child gives a negative reaction not to the action itself, which he refuses to perform, but to the adult’s demand or request. He does not do something just because a certain adult suggested it to him (the child ignores the demands of one family member or one teacher, but is quite obedient with others. The main motive for the action is to do the opposite, i.e. exactly the opposite of what he wants said). But this is not disobedience.
Personality education of a preschool child
The personality of a preschooler is most dependent on intrafamily relationships. And many adults make gross mistakes in the educational process of their child, which manifest themselves as problems in his adult life. Tips for nurturing the personality traits of a child under 7 years old:
No shouting
Broken dishes, things from the floor in the mouth and other unacceptable situations are just a child’s way of learning about the world around him. Be patient and explain to your baby why you shouldn’t do this.
Learn to say “no” and “no” correctly
Tantrums in children are often the result of baby talk. Prohibitions must be stated calmly, with an expression of concern. The reaction to a child’s “wrong” action should be constant: you cannot prohibit it today and allow it tomorrow, just leave you alone. At the same time, you should also explain the reason for your “no”. Constant prohibitions, as well as permissiveness, form incorrect self-esteem (lack of initiative, unhealthy egoism) and are fraught with difficult adaptation in society.
Cooperative activity
A child should be taught to do hard work from the age of 3. Joint activities provide the necessary skills, develop a sense of independence and responsibility. Do the cleaning, wash the dishes, learn letters as a game, with a smile and gestures.
Calm atmosphere in the family
Although adult life is full of stress, you shouldn't show your tension at home. If you don’t have the strength to play with your baby after a hard day, find a quiet activity for him. It is unacceptable to clarify marital relations and scream in front of the baby. The child will demonstrate this in his adult life.
Love your child for who he is
Children are very sensitive to comparing themselves with their peers. Instead, get into the habit of simply praising other children (what a great guy Sasha is, tying his own shoes) so that your child also wants to do like them. Support him in any endeavor.
If you want to change something in your child’s behavior, change yourself
Children are a reflection of their parents. Don't lie in front of your child, and he won't lie to you. Show concern for animals yourself, and this trait will appear in your child.
Social education of the child’s personality
Teach your children to communicate by your example, do not limit their circle of contacts. The modern world does not consist only of good people. Teach your child to communicate with different people, taking into account their characteristics.
Main directions of personality development
In the process of general human development, two directions run like a red thread - biological and social development.
At the moment of the birth of a child, the birth of a person as a biological being occurs, but the birth of a personality occurs much later. The child’s biological inclinations are developing, and the functional maturation and formation of a person is actively underway. The process of biological maturation is closely related and manifests itself in the age stages of its development.
In parallel with the process of maturation of a person as a biological being, there is a process of formation of the social structure of the individual. There is a process of mastering speech, walking upright, skills in handling objects are being formed, rules and norms of behavior in society are being learned.
Note 1
Thus, a person, being initially a biological being, in the process of life acquires and develops many social properties and qualities that characterize him as a social unit, which is considered in psychological science as a biosocial being.
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Adoption
Now you know what you want to achieve in life, and you can know how much effort and time it takes to start changing for the better. You know your weaknesses and are ready to accept them. After all, no one is perfect, and you shouldn’t blame yourself for who you are. Self-acceptance helps you value yourself, even if you may criticize yourself. If you know what you want to improve, roll up your sleeves.
Comparison
You should not compare yourself with other people. This is a process of degradation and it will not lead to any development. You can only compare yourself with yourself in the past and draw conclusions. Most of us get jealous when we see someone's success. And then you start comparing yourself to other people. Although everyone is different and we get different opportunities in life, we all know that there are some communication skills that help us achieve success faster.
If you can learn from other people and start working on new skills, that's great! But the key to success is to compare yourself to yourself to analyze your wins and losses. When you know your weak points, you can work on them and become better.
Basic personality traits
The concept of “personality” includes precisely the social properties and qualities of a person: speech, consciousness, skills and habits, thanks to which a person can be considered a social being. It is the concept of personality that characterizes the social essence of a person and reveals the content of the social characteristics and characteristics developed by him. The following personality traits can be distinguished:
- the ability to consciously manage one’s own behavior and activities;
- awareness of responsibility for one's actions;
- Autonomous and independent activity.
As we see from the above facts, the process of personality development is closely related to the formation of age and mental maturity. A person is characterized primarily by his individuality, the ability to accept, process and translate into the internal plane the achievements of humanity and progress. This ensures the harmonious development of the individual.
The processes of biological, psychological maturation and social formation of a person’s personality find their manifestation in the age stages of development. To identify certain age-related characteristics of a person, it is necessary to take into account anatomical indicators, the characteristics of the course of physiological characteristics, the processes of qualitative changes in growth, mental development, emotional-volitional and effective-practical spheres of personality development, spiritual development, moral maturity.
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Taking into account all the above indicators, an age periodization of the development of a person’s personality as a whole is constructed.
