Features of stress in children and adolescents article on the topic

Signs and symptoms of mood swings in teenagers

Adolescence is probably one of the most difficult periods in a person’s life.
The rapid growth of the body, its hormonal changes, and serious academic loads are combined with increasing psychological problems of finding one’s place in life and self-affirmation. Just yesterday, a child who did not ask such questions is today faced with a new world, full of new feelings, emotions, demands and challenges. Almost all parents of teenagers during puberty (11-17 years old) encounter sudden mood swings in their children, incontinence, hot temper, rudeness, strange cheerfulness, etc. For girls, this age interval is about 3 years, for boys it can stretch to 4-5.

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Many people know how mood swings manifest themselves in teenagers: bursts of joy and sorrow constantly replace each other. The main symptom is a very sharp transition between polar emotions. There may be no reason for the mood change, or it may not be as significant as the change in mood.

All teenagers are susceptible to mood swings in one way or another. The child is actively growing, his body and physiology are changing. During this period, changes in vascular tone, changes in muscle tone are very common, problems in the cerebral blood supply may appear or activation of injuries associated with earlier periods of life (parts of the brain that were previously injured are maturing, and this is reflected in the functioning of the brain as a whole) .

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Due to changes in blood supply, problems with supplying the brain with oxygen and glucose are possible. Add to this the hormonal storm in the body of a teenager, and here you have a “Molotov cocktail” of bad mood and irritation, which is ready to explode at the slightest opportunity.

"Acute" age periods

Psychologists classify the crisis of three years as acute. Indeed, during this period the baby becomes difficult to control, his behavior is almost impossible to correct. The child’s most used words are “I don’t want.” And they speak about this not in words, but in actions: the baby throws toys in response to a request to put them in the basket, runs away when you call him.

Any prohibition or refusal of your child’s wishes causes a violent reaction of protest. Hysterics begins: the baby yells, stomps his feet, and may even swing his fists at you, portraying the most serious and angry face. In such a situation, parents are perplexed: what to do? What happened to their previously so sweet and cheerful child?

According to experts, nothing terrible most likely happened. The baby just grows, and during this period begins to feel like an independent person. Accordingly, he becomes more active, persistent, and sometimes even stubborn in achieving what he wants. Only he does not yet have enough skills and strength for complete independence.

What to do if a child is “covered” by a crisis of 3 years? Adviсe:

• firstly, do not try to “break” the baby, shout at him, punish him, get angry and offended by the baby. Thanks to such positions, parents are unlikely to achieve the desired result. Rather, on the contrary, the child will develop “wrong” behavior, he may begin to do everything “to spite” his parents, and all this will lead to the formation of not the most pleasant character traits of the still small person;
• secondly, analyze the environment and your own behavior with the baby. Maybe he has objective reasons for his whims: for example, are you too strict with him, forbid him a lot? Or is someone offending him - older children or classmates in kindergarten?
• thirdly, be patient. Your incontinence will work against you. Try to understand your baby: most likely, he himself would like to calm down, but he cannot, he does not know how. Be patient with his screams and hysterics, do not make a “scene” in response. Better help him switch to some other, more constructive process: show him bright pictures, turn on his favorite song. Who, if not you, knows better than anyone what your baby likes?
• fourthly, understand that any crisis is not eternal. And this behavior will also go away in about six months or a year. Of course, if you take the right position and help the baby;
• and finally, if you notice something unusual in your baby’s behavior, for example, he doesn’t want to communicate with anyone, makes repetitive monotonous movements, doesn’t react emotionally to the behavior of others - doesn’t laugh, isn’t interested in toys, doesn’t get scared - be sure to Show the baby to a pediatric psychoneurologist. Unfortunately, no one can exclude the risk of developing early childhood autism - a unique deviation in mental development. And the sooner you start correction, the more successful its result will be.

A difficult period in a child's life. At this moment, a very important event for the little person occurs - entering school. Now the whole world no longer revolves around him, as before, he cannot play and run all the time. The need to sit at a desk for a long time and maintain discipline can also provoke frequent mood swings.

Among other things, during this period the child experiences intense physical growth, complex mental functions quickly develop, and fine motor skills improve.

Against the backdrop of the need to adapt to a new environment and previously unfamiliar requirements, some children may develop the so-called “school neurosis” - a whole complex of disorders and deviations: anxiety, fear of being late, loss of appetite, sometimes nausea and even vomiting. Another variant of this neurosis is reluctance to get up and get dressed for school, answer the teacher’s questions, forgetfulness and inattention.

How to successfully survive the crisis of a first-grader? Adviсe:

• do not rush to send your child to school without consulting a pediatrician and psychologist. If they think that the baby is not quite ready for school yet, there is no need to force him: everything has its time, and, most likely, next year it will be much easier and easier for him to start studying;
• If possible, do not overload the “first-time students” with electives: music classes, sports sections and clubs. Let them get used to school well first;
• Create a calm, unobtrusive atmosphere for your child at home, where he can relax and do his homework. Let the home become a place for the little man where he is always welcome, regardless of his grades and academic performance, where he is not subject to unreasonable demands and is not punished for an unlearned lesson. Remember, the child is only “learning to learn” - help him with this with warm and friendly participation.

This is the age when children consider themselves already adults, and parents “in the old fashioned way” see them as still small. A conflict of interests arises in the family, often very acute. But, in addition to changes in relationships, the child also experiences a period of intense physiological development. Functional disorders in the functioning of the lungs, heart, and cerebral blood supply are observed, and changes in vascular and muscle tone appear.

As a result of such changes, the physical state changes dramatically, and the mood echoes it. Therefore, we can observe the following picture: a teenager, who had just been in a cheerful and cheerful mood, suddenly falls into apathy, begins to feel sad and mopey. Or, conversely, sadness gives way to bouts of laughter.

Boys in adolescence often become unrestrained, excitable, and aggressive, while girls acquire an unstable mood. But for both, increased sensitivity often coexists with indifference and selfishness, coldness towards loved ones.

The teenager strives to prove to everyone that he is independent and independent. Such a need to assert oneself can push one to take risks - not being able to assert oneself in creativity, study, or sports, a teenager fulfills this need through alcohol, smoking, drugs, and early sexual intercourse. Equally important is the so-called “herd feeling” - the desire to spend time in a group of peers.

How to survive this difficult crisis for children and parents? Adviсe:

• try to treat your child like an adult. Understand that he needs this most now;
• If it is important for you to achieve something from your child, do not categorically dictate your terms, but try to gently guide him to a certain decision. Let the teenager take it as his own. Everyone benefits from this approach - the parent gets what they want, and the teenager increases his self-esteem;
• and we must warn you: if your child behaves completely unusually, he develops bizarre hobbies, his mood fluctuates sharply, he withdraws into himself, is aloof and cold, be sure to consult a specialist!

And remember that age-related crises are a pattern. But the degree of their occurrence can vary from almost imperceptible to very painful and acute. How your child will survive crises depends not only on his developmental characteristics, but also on the conditions of his life and upbringing. That is, from you, dear parents. If you are self-possessed and patient, your family has a calm and friendly atmosphere, most likely your child will calmly survive all age-related crises.

Normal or pathological: where is the line?

Mood swings during adolescence are generally normal, but sometimes they can be the first signs of serious problems.

Even if these are just signs of adolescence and hormonal changes in the body, parents need to pay attention to the duration and intensity of the manifestations:

• apathy or decreased mood;

• sudden mood swings;

• auto-aggression (self-inflicted wounds, cuts, burns, etc.), hatred of oneself and one’s body;

• cruelty towards other people or animals;

• defiant and aggressive behavior;

• decreased discipline and performance at school;

• increased forgetfulness and absent-mindedness;

• lack of ability to concentrate;

• use of various psychoactive substances, alcohol;

• attacks of panic or fear, severe anxiety;

• headaches, insomnia, psychosomatic manifestations of various diseases (ulcers, blood pressure disorders, neurodermatitis, asthma, etc.).

These are the main symptoms, the frequency and duration of which parents need to pay attention to.

What are the causes of mood swings in teenagers?

When is depression hidden behind frequent mood swings?

The changeable mood of a teenager is not always a completely harmless phenomenon. Sometimes it is one of the signs of depression. The main symptoms of depression are:

• Apathy towards one's own favorite hobbies and interests.
• Decreased concentration.
• Lack of appetite, refusal of favorite foods.
• Frequent headaches, heart pain, discomfort in the stomach.
• Reduced level of responsibility for one's behavior, constant forgetfulness.
• Suicidal tendencies (explicit and implicit: comments on social networks, drawings on the theme of death, reckless risk of one’s own life and health).
• Sleep disorders.
• Closedness, ignoring healthy communication with peers.
• Tendency to bad habits: drinking alcohol, drugs, smoking.
• Early sexual life, frequent change of partners.

If you notice several of these signs in your teenager, you should not try to solve the problem yourself. It is necessary to urgently consult a psychologist for advice.

Why does your mood change?

Some people experience sudden mood swings several times throughout the day. A positive attitude can suddenly give way to irritation, anger, rage, or depression and apathy. This behavior negatively affects the person himself and the people nearby. The misunderstanding of others causes a feeling of guilt in the captive of emotions, and he himself does not understand why his feelings are like a roller coaster.

Often people themselves are to blame for behavioral disorders. Suspiciousness, anxiety, suspicion, inability to build relationships and resolve conflict situations deprive a person of psychological stability. The following factors influence the emotional mood:

1. 1. A state of constant anxiety. Instead of living in the present, a person returns to the past, remembering and analyzing failures, mistakes, mistakes. He sees the future as full of negative events, worries about himself and his loved ones, and is constantly in tension, expecting bad news.
2. 2. Excessive demands on yourself and others. People with this attitude are never satisfied with life, realizing that they are unable to live up to the ideal they strive for. This causes a negative attitude towards oneself, neuroses, and unstable mood.
3. 3. Emotional immaturity. People who do not know how to get out of conflict situations with dignity suffer from frequent mood swings under the influence of troubles at work, family troubles, instability, and changes in life.
4. 4. Lack of love in the family. Children who grew up in families where they lacked attention and care often suffer from emotional disorders in adulthood, accompanied by mood swings.
5. 5. Being in any kind of addiction (alcohol, drugs, gaming, sexual, computer, etc.).

A sudden change in mood does not necessarily indicate problems in the emotional sphere; there is often a physiological reason for this.

If the alternation of euphoria and depression is accompanied by weight loss or gain, sleep and appetite disturbances, shortness of breath, menstrual cycle disruption in women, nausea, dizziness, and tremors of the extremities, a doctor’s consultation is necessary. Often the cause of emotional instability is illness.

Organs that influence mood:

1. 1. Thyroid gland. Increased production of thyroid hormone leads to irritability, short temper, and nervousness. A decrease in the concentration of the hormone slows down the metabolism in the body, making a person apathetic, weak, and depressed.
2. 2. Cardiovascular system. Tachycardia and increased blood pressure contribute to the production of adrenaline, as a result of which a person feels bouts of fear and anxiety.
3. 3. Diseases of the liver and gall bladder. Short-term outbursts of anger in this case are provoked by the release of norepinephrine caused by spasm of the bile ducts.
4. 4. Diabetes mellitus. A diabetic's mood can fluctuate along with blood sugar levels, changing from fun and joy to withdrawal, irritation, anxiety, and fear.

To identify internal pathology, an examination by a therapist, cardiologist, or endocrinologist is necessary. Without treatment for a disease that provokes frequent mood swings, advice from a psychologist, taking sedatives and antidepressants will not bring the expected result.

In addition to the general factors that cause emotional disruptions, there are specific ones for women, men and children, due to the characteristics of the psyche, physiology, and age-related changes in the body.

Causes and sources of stress in children and adolescents

Stress arises under the influence of influences that take place in the life of both an adult and a child.

Potential sources of stress in children and adolescents include school and social problems, including:

• separation from close friends;
• family relocation;
• peer pressure;
• sudden changes in daily routine;
• beginning and end of the school year;
• preparing and passing exams, interviews;
• excessive passion for computer games, especially aggressive ones.

For preschoolers, even parting with their parents (visiting a nursery or kindergarten) can become stressful and cause anxiety.

Stress in parents, and primarily in the mother, has a key impact on the child’s life in the family, his childhood ideas about family life, family cohesion and the model of his future family in adulthood.

World news can cause stress. Children who see disturbing images on television or hear talk of natural disasters, wars and terrorism may worry about their own safety and the safety of the people they love.

Environmental stress. Children are especially vulnerable to the effects of climate change, which negatively impact their health through increased air pollution, sudden changes in weather patterns, fluctuations in temperature and barometric pressure, decreased water quality, shortages of organic food and powerful exposure to toxins. As a result of environmental stress, children are at risk of infectious and allergic diseases, respiratory diseases, and stress-related disorders.

Another significant cause of stress is a teenager living in unfavorable conditions: with drinking parents, in a communal apartment next to unpleasant neighbors, in a dangerous area, in absolute poverty, etc.

Causes of mood swings in teenagers

What reasons make a sweet and easy-going child just yesterday become a stubborn and wayward teenager?

Previously, many believed that this was mainly due to the psychological characteristics of growing up, but as a result of research, it was revealed that hormonal changes and physiological growth of the body play a major role in mood swings in adolescents.

During adolescence, the body undergoes restructuring. The body and organs grow unevenly. The lungs may not keep up with overall growth, and the child may experience hypoxia, which leads to disruption of brain activity. This results in increased fatigue and absent-mindedness, as well as difficulty concentrating.

Hormonal changes in the body lead to hormonal “swings”. A decrease in the production of some hormones and an increase in others also leads to sudden mood swings. In addition, the growth of the body leads to changes in the feeling of one’s own body and a change in appearance, which also does not contribute to stability in mood (a popped pimple can cause frustration and tears; every day a teenager sees a “new” self and a “new” view of it). reacts).

In addition to these obvious factors, long-term, chronic stress can lead to mood swings. Increased psycho-emotional stress, unfavorable situation in the family and school, lack of friends and/or trusting relationships with loved ones - all this leads to a stressful situation for a teenager.

Also, a diet can lead to mood swings, especially one low in carbohydrates and with a sharp decrease in calories, relative to the normal intake. Many young people and girls, in pursuit of slimness and in attempts to match the images of models on screens and covers of glossy publications, sharply reduce the caloric content of their food intake and give up carbohydrates.

Radical diet - the cause of mood swings and severe eating disorders

Social networks play a negative role in pushing teenagers to diet and engage in other negative behavior. Teenagers are very dependent on the opinions of their peers. The age of 11-17 years is the age of “herding”. At this age, a teenager moves away from his parents and looks for “his” group - where he will “belong.”

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It is this aspect—dividing the world into “friends and foes” and whether or not one falls into the “friends” group—that plays a role in mood swings. If a child is not accepted into a group on a social network, or is not accepted into “friends,” this causes a deterioration in mood, even to more serious forms, and vice versa—a “like” on a photo and acceptance of a teenager (into a group, into “friends”) can make him euphoric.

Social networks are now replacing real communication, in addition, they can cause addiction to communication in them. Particularly vulnerable teenagers, constantly looking for support and approval, especially if they don’t find it in real life, turn to social networks. Their mood becomes entirely dependent on the network. We should not forget about the harmful influence of the so-called “death groups” on social networks.

The reasons for a changeable mood can also be the use of various psychotropic substances, alcohol, etc. by a teenager. Abuse of substances leads to dependence on them.

Parents need to pay attention to such behavioral features, in addition to sudden mood swings, as: photophobia, preference for clothing in certain colors, long sleeves and pants, changes in the teenager’s environment, discovery of strange bags, syringes and needles.

Adolescents with medical problems deserve special attention. The very need to constantly take medications and treatment leaves a negative imprint on the way of thinking and life. Medical problems related to the thyroid gland cause very severe mood swings. Teenagers are often in a tearful state; tears are possible over the slightest trifle.

Emotional disorders such as psychosis, affect, and persistent mental stress are often found among adolescents. Aggression and a state of passion can become a response to fear. Fear can also be an emotional disorder, especially if it manifests itself as a phobia. Fear of darkness, noise, silence is the norm for preschool and primary school age, but for teenagers this is already a phobia. Other emotional disorders may develop due to phobias.

Behind constant manifestations of aggression, affective states, demonstrative antisocial behavior, constant sharp changes in euphoria and a depressed state, there may be serious mental illnesses, the first manifestations of which often occur during puberty. Such mental disorders may include bipolar disorder and depression.

Mood swings may indicate depression or bipolar disorder

These periods can either alternate sequentially or be in a chaotic order - several attacks of depression, with dim intervals (intermissions) between them, interspersed with a bright and sudden surge of activity, euphoria, energy and ability to work. In each of these episodes there is often a sleep disorder - insomnia most often occurs, but during periods of depression constant drowsiness is possible.

The teenager does not control himself at these moments, and it is completely useless to appeal to common sense - both in manifestations of activity and during depressive episodes. Until the age of 12, bipolar disorder rarely appears. In girls, bipolar disorder is diagnosed 3 times more often than in boys, and this may be associated with the onset of the menstrual cycle.

Bipolar disorder in adolescents usually begins its manifestation with a depressive form. The peculiarity of the course of this disease in adolescents is the very frequent change of periods; they are not as long as in adults. The younger the teenager, the shorter the periods - from several hours to several days.

Sometimes, after several periods of depression, a long, lucid period of intermission occurs with complete preservation of mental functions. During periods of depression, due to a distortion of the perception of one’s own body, auto-aggression with self-harm, even suicide, is possible. These periods are often accompanied by reactions of the autonomic nervous system - increased sweating, increased heart rate, coldness in the extremities, changes in taste preferences (even aversion to food).

Depression, which can be a manifestation of bipolar disorder, can also occur on its own. During this period, the teenager:

• the mood is constantly depressed, tearful;

• there is no or decreasing interest in friends, in what used to please and interest;

• sleep and eating disorders appear or become more obvious;

• there is a pronounced inability to concentrate on anything, performing everyday functions with difficulty;

• obvious disregard for the hygiene of one’s body and one’s space (room, workplace, etc.).

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How to overcome frequent mood swings in children?

If you follow the following tips, you can reduce the manifestations of sudden changes in the children’s mood.

• Give your kids enough attention. Analyze your own daily routine. Perhaps you don't spend enough time with your baby. Of course, the rhythm of modern life requires us to devote a lot of effort, time to work, and earning a livelihood. But 20 minutes of communication and a bedtime story are not enough for a child.
• Find out the reason. Chat with your baby, in a heart-to-heart conversation, try to find out what exactly causes frequent mood changes. If the child is very small, just watch the baby, and then, if possible, eliminate the negative influence of the environment.
• Avoid stressful situations. Review your child’s daily routine, because sometimes being busy with clubs and sections can have a bad effect on his psychological state.
• Try to eliminate traumatic factors: do not lose your temper with the little one, smooth out conflicts with others, educate without shouting or violence.
• Enter the rules. Calmly and discreetly explain the basic rules of behavior that the child must adhere to. You can even write these rules down on a piece of paper and hang it in a visible place. This will make it easier for him to behave correctly and not break down.
• Follow a daily routine. Make sure your child follows routine routines on time, eats healthy foods, and does not disturb their sleep patterns. During age-related crises, this will help maintain a healthy psyche and get through difficult times.
• Do not hesitate to use the help of specialists. It is especially important to understand the causes of sudden mood swings. A psychologist can help with this and recommend rules of behavior in such situations. This is especially true if a teenager experiences frequent mood swings.
• Teach your little one to restrain their emotions or direct them in a positive direction. You can use relaxing breathing exercises.
• Praise your successes often. Even the smallest achievement of a baby is worthy of praise.
• Recommend keeping a personal diary. Such an analysis of actions performed during the day will help you avoid mistakes in the future.
• Good emotions are the key to a healthy psyche. Positive experiences, emotions, impressions will saturate his day, improve his mood, and give him joy in life.
• Provide good nutrition. Protein is vital for a growing body. In addition, it is desirable that the child receive healthy cereals in the form of porridge, fresh vegetables, fruits, and fish.
• Eliminate allergenic foods. Sometimes mood swings in children can be caused by the action of an allergen. If you know about this feature of your baby, exclude the allergen from his diet.
• Vitamins, food supplements. Children do not always receive the necessary vitamins and minerals with food. If you contact your pediatrician, he will definitely recommend a special complex rich in vitamin B and fish oil, which will help cope with the problem.
• Monitor the atmosphere in the family. Avoid conflicts and quarrels in the family. Control your own mood, let the baby feel warmth and a positive attitude.
• Arrange fun surprises. Kids love unexpected surprises. Be a good wizard for your little one. Organize a holiday just like that, hold a fun relay race, jump on the bed, splash water, laugh more often.

Tell your baby often how much you love him. After all, love is the best cure for the blues.

Prevention and treatment

Prevention of behavioral deviations is proper upbringing from infancy, attention to the emotional needs of the child, treating him as an individual, respecting his views and preferences. Consistency and coordinated actions of the parents are no less important (what the father forbade, the mother does not allow), otherwise the child will learn resourcefulness and opportunism from an early age, which will negatively affect his mental development.

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The age of puberty requires special attention and effort from parents. At this time, the child must be treated as an adult, respecting his right to choose friends, extracurricular activities, music, clothing, and entertainment. At the same time, it is necessary to stipulate prohibitions and restrictions, clearly explaining why they are necessary.

A simple but effective means of preventing and treating mood swings in adults and children are adherence to diet, sleep, work and rest, moderate physical activity, and spending time in the fresh air. Automotive training techniques, meditation, and yoga will help normalize the psycho-emotional background and restore mental balance after experiencing stress, conflict, and troubles. Food rich in vitamins and microelements has a beneficial effect on the nervous system and the general condition of the body.

In cases of stable problems with emotional mood, they resort to the help of sedatives, nootropics, antidepressants, and tranquilizers. These medications belong to the group of potent drugs, some are addictive, so it is unacceptable to use them yourself.

Bad mood or depression?

As you can see from the description above, the signs of depression are similar to the symptoms and signs of mood swings in teenagers. Then how can you distinguish a bad mood from depression in a teenager? A sign of depression is a long-term depressed mood, coupled with which the teenager experiences:

• decreased or complete loss of the ability to receive pleasure and experience joy;

• concomitant somatic disorders and health complaints;

• reluctance to make contact and communicate even with close people;

• dissatisfaction with oneself, one’s body, expecting only bad things from others;

• dark thoughts, sometimes expressed out loud;

• thoughts of suicide, interest in information on relevant topics.

It is important for parents to know that depression is not just a bad mood. It is impossible to “pull” a child out of depression with phrases like: “Get yourself together,” “This is all nonsense,” etc.

Depression can occur as a response to external factors (chronic stress, diet, medical problems) or as a result of a physiological predisposition (endogenous depression). If depression is endogenous in nature, then the reasons for its occurrence are not so much external factors as a violation of metabolic processes in the brain (impaired formation of serotonin and norepinephrine or biogenic amines).

Depression manifests itself differently in boys and girls. If boys manifest themselves in antisocial actions - going into dubious company (communication with people who use drugs, alcohol, antisocial elements), aggressive behavior, rebellion against the rules, those girls are more prone to whiny withdrawal in oneself, persistent apathy, denial of one’s own body, dissatisfaction with oneself.

I would like to draw your attention to the fact that the diagnosis of “depression”, as well as “bipolar disorder”, can only be made by a specialist - a psychiatrist.

Parents should not hope that depression will go away on its own. If persistent manifestations of apathy, destructive behavior, aggression, combined with tearfulness, sleep and appetite disorders are noticed, then you need to consult a specialist. Delaying the situation could lead to serious consequences. The child needs help to get out of these states.

Consequences of stress

Mental tension develops, the level of wakefulness and over-control increases: excessive fears and anxiety over trifles, fussiness, a feeling of being on edge and being on the verge of a breakdown; anxious expectations, fears, emotional lability; insomnia (difficulty falling asleep and interrupted sleep); impaired concentration and memory impairment.

The functioning of the brain, endocrine and autonomic nervous systems changes: the adrenal glands begin to work under strain, releasing cortisol and adrenaline; multisystem symptoms of autonomic dysfunction appear in combination with increased fatigue; muscle tension increases, especially in the axial muscles, which is accompanied by pain. Stress increases the risk of cardiovascular disease by 4 times. Stressful events can impair self-control, especially in adolescents. However, stress-related impulsive behavior may be misinterpreted (for example, as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder).

In 10-25% of children, with prolonged or repeated stress, chronic diseases of internal organs develop or worsen.

Stress in childhood, especially chronic stress, provokes the onset of many serious diseases in adulthood.

Stress itself is very important for survival.

However, chronic stress is directly related to the onset and progression of many pathophysiological conditions.

Under conditions of prolonged influence of stress factors, the endocrine, hormonal and autonomic balance is disrupted, which leads to maladaptation (failure of adaptation).

Maladjustment determines the development of negative psychological and somatic consequences of stress.