Kinds
Human motivations can be internal or external. Motivation is the name given to the internal urge to take some action through appealing to a person’s feelings. On the contrary, if the motivation is not based on feelings, but uses a reasonable and rational approach to solving a problem, this is already a belief.
Accordingly, external motivation is classified in the same way. Nature's call is the ability to evoke an external motivational force by appealing to the senses. But if there is an appeal to reason - a call.
Motivation in a person arises along with a positive desire to accomplish something. If the action is caused by pain, fear or any other negative emotion, this is already called negative motivation.
Several reasons can motivate a person to action at the same time. Obviously, no matter what, the most important thing to you is the end result. But how to achieve it?
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To motivate a person to action, it is necessary to use the main components - motor skills, consciousness and subconscious of a person. It is obvious that with a one-time impact on these three factors you are unlikely to achieve the desired result, so such actions must be of a definitely systematic nature.
A person can encourage another to action not only by some actions, but also by words and glances. Obviously, to do this you need to develop certain skills. Since ancient times, the magical power of words has been noted among different peoples of the world.
But not only people - animals can also motivate a person to a certain action. Thus, there are known cases when some types of snakes force a person to approach them with their gaze.
Motivation is determined by the need, passion and desires of a person. The motivation for activity can directly depend on genetic predisposition - so to speak, motivation genes. Their influence is represented by several main factors transmitted from generation to generation, namely:
- Genes strive for the initial restoration of the original state; all motivating forces are directed towards this.
- Motivation is divided into two completely opposite directions, vectors: the first is more humane, and the second is its complete opposite.
It is precisely because of the dual structure of human aspirations and needs that a certain tension in motivations appears. The level of contrast between them directly depends on the differences between drive genes.
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The dynamics of the implementation of actions caused by certain motives also depends on these factors. From here follows a person’s understanding that his fate, his future, predetermined by himself, and not imposed from the outside, depends on his motives.
Motivated behavior as a personality characteristic
In the process of growing up, many leading motives of behavior over time become so characteristic of a person that they turn into traits of his personality. These include achievement motivation, or motivation to avoid failure, the power motive, the motive of helping other people (altruism), aggressive motives of behavior, etc. Dominant motives become one of the main characteristics of the individual, affecting the characteristics of other personality traits. For example, it has been found that among people oriented toward success, realistic self-esteem often prevails, while among individuals oriented toward avoiding failures, unrealistic, overestimated or underestimated self-esteem often prevails. From
what does self-esteem depend on? The level of self-esteem is largely related to a person’s satisfaction or dissatisfaction with himself and his activities resulting from achieving success or failure. The combination of life successes and failures, the predominance of one over the other, constantly shapes an individual’s self-esteem. In turn, the features of a person’s self-esteem are expressed in the goals and general direction of a person’s activity, since in practical activity he, as a rule, strives to achieve results that are consistent with his self-esteem and contribute to its strengthening.
is closely related to a person’s self-esteem .
The level of aspirations refers to the result that the subject expects to achieve in the course of its activities. It should be noted that significant changes in self-esteem occur when the successes or failures themselves are associated by the subject of the activity with the presence or absence of the necessary abilities.
Motives for affiliation
(the motive for the desire to communicate) and
power
are actualized and satisfied only in the communication of people. The affiliation motive usually manifests itself as a person’s desire to establish good, emotionally positive relationships with people. Internally, or psychologically, it appears in the form of a feeling of affection, loyalty, and externally - in sociability, in the desire to cooperate with other people, to constantly be with them. It should be emphasized that relationships between people built on the basis of affiliation are usually reciprocal. Communication partners with such motives do not view each other as a means of satisfying personal needs, do not strive to dominate each other, but count on equal cooperation. As a result of satisfying the motive of affiliation, trusting, open relationships based on sympathy and mutual assistance develop between people.
The opposite of the motive of affiliation is the motive of rejection,
manifested in the fear of being unaccepted, rejected by people significant to the individual. The dominance of the affiliation motive in a person gives rise to a style of communication with people, characterized by confidence, ease, openness and courage. On the contrary, the predominance of the motive of rejection leads to uncertainty, constraint, awkwardness, and tension. The predominance of this motive creates obstacles to interpersonal communication. Such people cause distrust in themselves, they are lonely, and their communication skills are poorly developed.
Another very significant motive for a person’s activity is the motive of power.
It is defined as a person’s persistent and clearly expressed desire to have power over other people. G. Murray gave the following definition to this motive: the motive of power is the tendency to control the social environment, including people, to influence the behavior of other people in a variety of ways, including persuasion, coercion, suggestion, deterrence, prohibition, etc.
The motive of power is manifested in encouraging others to act in accordance with their interests and needs, to achieve their favor, cooperation, to prove one’s rightness, to defend one’s own point of view, to influence, direct, organize, lead, supervise, rule, subordinate, dominate, dictate conditions, judge, establish laws, determine norms and rules of behavior, make decisions for others that oblige them to act in a certain way, persuade, dissuade, punish, charm, attract attention, have followers.
Another researcher of power motivation, D. Veroff, tried to determine the psychological content of the power motive. He believes that power motivation refers to the desire and ability to derive satisfaction from controlling other people. In his opinion, signs that a person has a motive, or motivation, for power are pronounced emotional experiences associated with maintaining or losing psychological or behavioral control over other people. Another sign that a person has a power motive is satisfaction from winning over another person in some activity or grief over failure, as well as reluctance to obey others.
It is generally accepted that people who seek power over other people have a particularly pronounced power motive. In its origin, it is probably associated with a person’s desire for superiority over other people. The first to pay attention to this motive were the Peo-Freudians.
The motive of power has been declared one of the main motives of human social behavior. For example, A. Adler believed that the desire for superiority, perfection and social power compensates for the natural shortcomings of people experiencing the so-called inferiority complex.
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Motivation to action
In the event that external motivation ceases to act properly on a person, it is necessary to resort to independent motivation. In this case, a person draws motivating energy not from external sources, but from internal resources.
Internal motivation is an almost inexhaustible source of motivational energy for a person. For example, everyone has had cases when nothing works out, it collapses, things go very badly, and the only desire left is to give up everything. But a person gathers all his strength into a single impulse, so to speak, into a fist, and finds the energy to act further.
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Self-hypnosis also plays a special role in this - a person’s way of influencing his own consciousness and psyche, imposing obviously unusual patterns of behavior, etc. The easiest way is to create a list for such purposes, consisting of desired attitudes and areas of motivation. Author: Anna Vorobyova
Categories
Needs as a source of activity. Types of needs and their classification. Specificity of human needs.
In order to live and act in the world around us, a person needs food, water, air, movement, objects of material and spiritual culture, and communication.
Need, therefore, refers to a person’s awareness and experience of the need for what is necessary to maintain the life of his body and the development of his personality.
Need and need (differences): Need is an objective necessity that a person himself may not experience or be aware of. For example, a need becomes a need only when some kind of deficiency occurs: the respiratory organs become ill, the oxygen content in the atmosphere decreases. The state of need for something experienced by a person is transformed into a psychological state - need.
Need and motive (differences): why an individual comes into a state of activity, for the sake of which these particular actions and actions are chosen, then the manifestations of motives (the incentive to perform certain actions) are studied first. Need encourages activity, and motive motivates directed activity.
Types of needs and their classification:
Needs manifest themselves differently depending on situational factors. The needs are distinguished:
— by areas of activity: the needs of labor, knowledge, communication, recreation; - by object of needs: material, spiritual, ethical, aesthetic and other needs; — by functional role: dominant, secondary, central, peripheral, stable situational needs; - by subject of needs: group, individual, collective, public.
Motivation as a manifestation of individual needs. The concept of motives of behavior. Types of motives. Levels of awareness of motives.
Motivation is a set of motivating factors that cause the activity of an individual and determine the direction of his activities; these include motives, needs, incentives, situational factors that determine human behavior. If a person strives to perform a certain activity, we can say that he has motivation.
The famous American psychologist A.X. Maslow in 1954 created a hierarchical model of motivation (“Motivation and Personality”), proposing the following classification of human needs:
1. Physiological (organic) needs - hunger, thirst, sexual desire, etc.
2. Security needs - to feel protected, to get rid of fear, from aggressiveness.
3. Needs for belonging and love - to belong to a community, to be close to people, to be accepted by them.
4. Respect (honor) needs - competence, approval, recognition, authority, achievement of success.
5. Cognitive needs - to know, be able to, understand, explore.
6. Aesthetic needs - harmony, symmetry, order, beauty.
7. Needs for self-actualization - realization of one’s goals, abilities, development of one’s own personality.
The dynamism of this classification of needs lies in the fact that higher needs can guide an individual’s behavior only to the extent that his lower needs are satisfied. Those. Without satisfying lower needs, it is impossible to achieve the highest level - self-actualization.
Types of motives:
according to the content of needs: biological (inclinations, desires of a person, usually reflecting his biological needs) and social motives (interests, ideals, beliefs), achievement motives (a person’s sustainable desire to achieve the highest possible result in an activity) and avoidance of failure (the desire to choose either the easy ones for goals that guarantee her success), self-esteem and self-actualization.
according to personal attitudes: personal and social motives, egoistic and socially significant, ideological and moral;
by type of activity: motives for communication and play, learning and professional activity.
by time of manifestation: permanent (acting over a long period of life), situational (determined by the content and duration of the situation) and short-term (during a limited period of time);
according to strength of manifestation: strong, moderate and weak,
according to the degree of stability: strongly, moderately and weakly resistant.
