Personality orientation (needs, interests, worldview)

Personality orientation is considered to be one of the most important properties of the human psyche, expressing the dynamics of its development in social and spiritual terms. The concept of personality orientation includes all the basic tendencies of behavior characteristic of a particular person, that totality of his basic psychological properties that motivate him to various activities.

Psychology occupies an increasingly important place in our lives every day. What yesterday was the lot of a specialist with a narrow profile, today becomes available to everyone who strives to know themselves and understand. One of the main tools in the difficult task of creating harmony with oneself can be considered the determination of such a quality as personality orientation.

Psychologists about the personal: definitions

Psychologists, speaking about the method of determining the orientation of a person, usually understand by this term the orientation of a person’s consciousness towards certain spheres of life. Especially on those of them that have a certain value in the human consciousness, those areas in which the forms of activity are leading. Without them, the individual would not be capable of full, harmonious development, of what is called personal growth. The concept of personality orientation and motivation is relevant today for large modern corporations.

Man, as a primarily social being, manifests the direction of his personality, its needs and motives in a variety of aspects. These include moral values, sympathies, affections, tastes and inclinations. This psychological characteristic of a person’s orientation determines almost all spheres of existence for a person - from his political beliefs to the characteristics of family life. It also leaves its mark on the choice of profession. It also affects a person’s relationship with the reality around him. The positive orientation of a personality determines for an individual such important qualities in social interaction as hard work, social activity, and the ability to achieve goals.

Experts today consider direction to be one of the most important leading characteristics of a person. Many famous scientists and psychologists have studied it. There are several concepts from various scientific works that reflect different interpretations and approaches to describing this personality trait: researchers call it both the “meaning-forming motive” of the individual (Soviet psychologist and teacher A. N. Leontyev) and the “main life orientation” (the scientist who created the modern the concept of the Faculty of Psychology at St. Petersburg University - B. G. Ananyev), and “the dynamic organization of the essential forces of man” (Doctor of Psychological Sciences, Professor A. S. Prangishvili). Briefly, all these approaches characterize orientation as a general property of a person, which in total determines its psychological qualities.

Despite the fact that the definitions of this concept differ in some details, the opinions of scientists agree on the statement that the orientation of a person is the basis of a person’s value system, its psychological manifestations; it is the leading characteristic in drawing up a psychological portrait. Thus, it is the orientation that expresses the goals in the name of which a person acts, determines the motives of his actions and the tasks that he sets for himself.

A person’s temperament, resistance to stress, and the specifics of many other psychological processes and mental states depend on this aspect. Direction can be considered the main vector along which a person will move in the process of achieving his goals. At the same time, direction is not only the choice of direction, the goal of movement, but also the path that - consciously or unconsciously - a person chooses for himself.

How to write a term paper on speech therapy

07.09.2010 192799

These guidelines are compiled to help students gain an understanding of the content and structure of coursework in speech therapy.

Logopedia of pedagogical science that studies anomalies of speech development with normal hearing, explores the manifestations, nature and mechanisms of speech disorders, develops the scientific basis for overcoming and preventing them means of special training and education.

The subject of speech therapy as a science is speech disorders and the process of training and education of persons with speech disorders.

The object of study is a person suffering from a speech disorder.

The main task of speech therapy as a science is the study, prevention and elimination of various types of speech disorders.

Coursework in speech therapy is a student's scientific and experimental research. This type of educational activity, provided for by the educational and professional program and curriculum, contributes to the acquisition of skills in working with literature, analyzing and summarizing literary sources in order to determine the range of insufficiently studied problems, determining the content and methods of experimental research, processing skills and qualitative analysis of the results obtained. The need to complete coursework in speech therapy is due to the updating of knowledge concerning the content, organization, principles, methods and techniques of speech therapy work.

As a rule, during their studies, students must write two term papers - theoretical and practical.

The first course work should be devoted to the analysis and synthesis of general and specialized literature on the chosen topic. Based on this analysis, it is necessary to justify and develop a method of ascertaining (diagnostic) experiment.

In the second course work, it is necessary to provide an analysis of the results obtained during the ascertaining experiment, as well as determine the directions and content of speech therapy work, and select adequate methods and techniques of correction.

So, let’s present the general requirements for the content and design of coursework in speech therapy.

The initial and most important stage of working on a course project is the choice of a topic, which is either proposed by the supervisor or chosen by the student independently from a list of topics that are consistent with the areas of scientific research of the department.

Each topic can be modified, considered in different aspects, but taking into account a theoretical and practical approach. Having chosen a topic, the student needs to think through in detail its specific content, areas of work, practical material, etc., which should be reflected both in the formulation of the topic and in the further construction of the study. It should be recalled that the chosen topic may not only have a purely theoretical orientation, for example: “Dysarthria. Characteristics of the defect”, “Classification of dysgraphia”, but also take into account the practical significance of the problem under consideration, for example: “Speech therapy work on speech correction for dysarthria”. It should also be taken into account that when formulating a topic, excessive detail should be avoided, for example: “Formation of prosodic components of speech in preschoolers of the sixth year of life attending a preschool institution for children with severe speech impairments.”

The course work includes such mandatory parts as: introduction, three chapters, conclusion, bibliography and appendix.

The text of the term paper begins with the title page . An example of its design can be seen here.

Then the content of the work is given, in which the names of chapters, paragraphs, and sections are formulated in strict accordance with the content of the thesis. An example of its design can be seen here.

In the text, each subsequent chapter and paragraph begins on a new page. At the end of each chapter, the materials are summarized and conclusions are formulated.

The introduction reveals the relevance of the problem under consideration in general and the topic being studied in particular; the problem, subject, object, and purpose of the study are defined. In accordance with the goal and hypothesis, objectives and a set of research methods aimed at achieving the objectives must be defined.

The relevance of the topic lies in reflecting the current level of pedagogical science and practice, meeting the requirements of novelty and usefulness.

When defining the research problem, it is important to indicate what practical tasks it will help to implement in training and educating people with speech pathology.

The object of research is understood as certain aspects of pedagogical reality, perceived through a system of theoretical and practical knowledge. The ultimate goal of any research is to improve this object.

The subject of research is some part, property, element of an object, i.e. the subject of research always indicates a specific aspect of the object that is to be studied and about which the researcher wants to gain new knowledge. An object is a part of an object.

You can give an example of the formulation of the object, subject and problem of research:

– The object of the study is the speech activity of preschool children with phonetic-phonemic speech disorders.

– The subject of the study is the features of intonation speech of children with phonetic-phonemic speech disorders.

– The research problem is to determine effective directions for speech therapy work on the formation of intonation expressiveness of speech in the system of correctional intervention.

The purpose of the study contributes to the specification of the object being studied. The goal of any research is to solve a specific problem. The goal is specified in tasks taking into account the subject of research.

The research objectives are formulated in a certain sequence, which determines the logic of the research. The research objectives are set on the basis of a theoretical analysis of the problem and an assessment of the state of its solution in practice.

The first chapter is an analysis of literary sources, which examines the state of this problem in historical and modern aspects, and presents the most important theoretical principles that formed the basis of the study.

When writing the first chapter, you should pay attention to the fact that the text of the course work must be written in a scientific style. When presenting scientific material, it is necessary to comply with the following requirements:

– Specificity – a review of only those sources that are necessary to disclose only a given topic or solve only a given problem;

– Clarity – which is characterized by semantic coherence and integrity of individual parts of the text;

– Logicality – which provides for a certain structure of presentation of the material;

– Reasoning – evidence of thoughts (why this and not otherwise);

– Precision of wording, excluding ambiguous interpretation of the authors’ statements.

A literary review of the state of the problem being studied should not be reduced to a consistent presentation of literary sources. It should present a generalized description of the literature: highlight the main directions (currents, concepts, points of view), analyze in detail and evaluate the most fundamental works of representatives of these directions.

When writing a work, the student must correctly use literary materials, make references to the authors and sources from which the results of scientific research are borrowed. Failure to provide required references will reduce your coursework grade.

As a rule, in coursework on speech therapy, references to literary sources are formatted as follows: the number of the cited source in the general list of references is placed in square brackets. For example: General speech underdevelopment is a speech pathology in which there is a persistent lag in the formation of all components of the language system: phonetics, vocabulary and grammar [17].

When using quotations, in square brackets, in addition to indicating the source number, the page number from which this excerpt is taken is indicated, for example: Speech rhythm is based on a physiological and intellectual basis, since, firstly, it is directly related to the rhythm of breathing. Secondly, being an element that performs a communicative function, “correlates with meaning, i.e. controlled intellectually” [23, P.40].

However, course work should not be of a purely abstract nature, so you should not abuse the unreasonable abundance of citations. Quoting should be logically justified, convincing and used only when really necessary.

In the second chapter , devoted to experimental research, the organization should be described and the program of the ascertaining experiment should be presented. The survey methodology, as a rule, consists of a description of several series of tasks, with detailed instructions, visual and lexical material, the procedure for completing tasks by experiment participants, and scoring criteria. This chapter also provides a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the results obtained.

When analyzing the results of an experiment, it is necessary to use a scoring system. Examples of various criteria for quantitative and qualitative assessment are presented in the following works:

– Glukhov V.P. Formation of coherent speech in preschool children with general speech underdevelopment. - M.: Arkti, 2002. - 144 p.

– Fotekova T.A. Test methodology for diagnosing oral speech of primary schoolchildren. - M.: Arkti, 2000. - 56 p.

– Levchenko I.Yu. Pathopsychology: Theory and practice. - M.: Academy, 2000. - 232 p.

In order to visually present the results obtained during the experimental study, it is recommended to use tables, graphs, diagrams, etc. Histograms can be used in a variety of ways - columnar, cylindrical, planar, volumetric, etc. An example of the design of tables, figures, and histograms can be found here.

The third chapter provides a rationale for the proposed methods and techniques and reveals the content of the main stages of correctional work.

The conclusion contains a summary of the material presented and the main conclusions formulated by the author.

The bibliography must contain at least 25 sources. The list includes bibliographic information about the sources used in preparing the work. An example of its design can be seen here.

In the application you can present bulky tables or illustrations, examination protocols, observation records, products of activity (drawings, written works of children), notes from speech therapy classes, etc.

The volume of one course work must be at least 30 pages of typewritten text.

In general, coursework in speech therapy is the basis for a future thesis, in which the study of the begun problem can be continued, but from the standpoint of a different approach or a comparative analysis of the disorders being studied in different age categories of people with different types of speech disorders.

The content and format of theses in speech therapy can be found here.

Literature:

1. How to write a term paper on speech therapy: Methodological recommendations. Educational and methodological manual / Comp. Artemova E.E., Tishina L.A. / Ed. Orlova O.S. – M.: MGOPU, 2008. – 35 p.

2. Research work of students in the system of higher professional pedagogical education (specialty 031800 - Speech therapy). Methodological recommendations for completing the thesis / Compiled by. L.V. Lopatina, V.I. Lipakova, G.G. Golubeva. - St. Petersburg: Publishing house of the Russian State Pedagogical University named after. A. I. Herzen, 2002. - 140 p.

Basic forms of personality orientation

Those stable motives that determine this psychological model in human psychology do not depend on specific particular situations. They are formed mainly through education. The attitudes that are given to a child by parents in childhood become properties of his personality over time. Thus, the direction is always determined by the environment in which the formation of a person’s personality took place. That system of values, those priorities that the parents emphasized for the child as the most important, he will, in one form or another, implement in his life as an adult.

The structure of orientation, psychologists say, is complex and multifaceted and includes several layers. The scheme of their construction is as follows. The most primitive of them is attraction, which is often instinctive and unconscious. It is followed by desire - at this stage the need is already recognized by the person as something definite. The next stage is aspiration. At this level, the volitional component is connected to desire. A person is ready to make certain efforts to ensure that the desired goal is achieved.

When listing the types of personality orientation, psychologists consider interest to be its cognitive form. When we connect the volitional component to the interest, we get an inclination. In total, the entire system of a person’s inclinations and aspirations becomes what is called a worldview: a clear life-determining complex of philosophical, ethical views and aesthetic preferences.

According to experts, the highest form of personality orientation is conviction. It is beliefs that enter into a person’s worldview system, correlating it with his views, values and principles. Conviction is the psychological attitude that underlies a patriotic, religious feat; it is that unshakable thing that a person is ready to defend and defend at almost any cost.

Motives can either be conscious of the individual or remain at the unconscious level. But even without being conscious, they still encourage a person to act in a certain way, although often he may not be aware of this.

More significant, of course, are the conscious motives that give direction to an individual’s specific activity, ultimately ensuring its implementation. Indicators of the goal-setting functions of a motive can be considered the formation of specific meanings: answers to the question “why perform this or that action.” In the absence of a conscious answer to such a question, the action itself loses its meaning. Such formation of meaning becomes the basis for the goals and objectives that a person sets for himself. That is why psychological research aimed at studying personality type and its orientation will help not only to determine the conscious motives of our actions, but also to open the door to the unconscious, to everything that remains “behind the scenes” for us.

Personality orientation (needs, interests, worldview)

Personality orientation [1] is a system of persistently characterizing a person’s motivations (what a person wants, what he strives for, one way or another understanding the world, society; what he avoids, what he is ready to fight against). It determines the selectivity of a person’s relationships and activities and how the substructure of personality includes various motivations (interests, desires, inclinations, etc.). All these motivations are interconnected in the motivational sphere of the individual, that is, they represent a system. This system is individual, it is formed in the process of formation and development of the individual. At the same time, it is quite dynamic, that is, its constituent incentives (motives) do not remain constant, they are interconnected, influence each other, change and develop. In this case, some of the components are dominant, while others play a secondary role. Dominant motives determine the basic line of behavior of an individual.

[edit] Types of focus

Orientation is a complex personal formation that determines all individual behavior, attitude towards oneself and others. There is a distinction between general personality orientation and professional orientation.

[edit] Directional qualities

The level of orientation is the social significance of a person’s orientation (his beliefs and worldview).
The breadth of focus characterizes the range of interests of an individual. It should be remembered that broad focus does not mean scatteredness and amateurism in all types of activities in which a person is engaged. Among a wide range of interests, there must be a central, main interest aimed at the professional activities performed by the individual.
The intensity of the focus is related to its emotional coloring. It can have a wide range of expression, ranging from vague, fuzzy drives through conscious desires and active aspirations to deep convictions.
Stability of orientation is characterized by the duration and preservation of impulses throughout life. This quality of personality orientation is associated, first of all, with the volitional characteristics of the individual: perseverance, determination.
The effectiveness of the individual’s orientation determines the activity of realizing the goals of the orientation in activity.

[edit] Connection with the motivational sphere

A person’s orientation is based on needs, that is, states that reflect the need for something. Needs are biological (reflecting the body’s need for food, air, movement, rest, etc.) and social, historically developed in human society. Social needs are divided into material (clothing, housing, etc.) and spiritual (cognitive, moral, aesthetic, creative, as well as the need for communication). Unsatisfied needs, acting as motives for behavior, can take on various forms depending on the degree of awareness of the goal and content: attitude, drive, desire, inclination, aspiration, belief, worldview.

In the process of performing behavioral acts, motives, being dynamic formations, can change, which is possible at all phases of an action, and the behavioral act is often completed not according to the original, but according to the transformed motivation. There are always certain reasons behind any human actions. The motive of a person’s behavior and the goals of behavior may not coincide: the same goal can be set for oneself, guided by different motives. The goal shows what a person strives for, and the motive shows why he strives for it. The motive may be unconscious if the awareness of the need does not fully correspond to the genuine need causing dissatisfaction, that is, the person does not know the true reason for his behavior. Unconscious motives include attitudes and drives.

[edit] Interest

Interest is a selective attitude of a person towards an object due to its vital significance and (or) emotional appeal. Interests are an emotional manifestation of a person’s cognitive needs; they make themselves felt as a positive emotional background that colors the process of cognition. A person’s interests are determined by the socio-historical and individual conditions of his life. People's interests are extremely diverse, just as human activities are diverse. They can be distinguished by content, volume, depth, degree of stability, focus on the goals of the activity or its process, level of effectiveness, in addition, interests can be direct and indirect. The former are determined by the emotional attractiveness of the object (external signs), the latter - by its meaning for the individual (content).

[edit] Worldviews

Worldview is a person’s system of views on the world and its patterns. The worldview of an individual, first of all, reflects social existence. This reflection takes place in the process of life, in the real relationships of people, in their activities. Worldview serves as the highest regulator of behavior. Giving stamina and firmness of character, it affects the entire appearance of a person, the entire set of characteristics of behavior, actions, habits and inclinations.

[edit] Orientation as a system

Direction as a system of relationships of an individual to reality represents the following triad: attitude towards other people as members of a team; attitude towards work and results, products of labor; attitude towards oneself, one’s personality. It includes the drives, desires, interests, inclinations, ideals, views, beliefs of a person, his worldview, character traits and self-esteem. In other words, the orientation of a person’s personality is a set of stable motives that orient the activity of the individual and are relatively independent of existing situations.

In accordance with this, a distinction is made between interaction orientation (ID), business task orientation (TO) and personal orientation or self-direction (NS).

Determining the orientation of the personality of a particular employee is of utmost importance for the practice of personnel work, since the effectiveness of the selection, placement and further use of personnel in production depends on this. This position will become clear after familiarization with the characteristics of various types of orientation.

[edit] Focus on interaction

A focus on interaction occurs when an employee’s actions are determined by his need for communication and the desire to maintain good relationships with fellow workers. As a rule, people with a focus on interaction yield to group pressure and do not take leadership. Such an employee shows interest in joint activities, even if this does not contribute to the successful completion of the task, and his actual assistance is minimal. He is interested not so much in the final result of the activity as in the joint activity itself.

[edit] Business focus

Business orientation reflects the predominance of motives associated with the group achieving its goal. An employee with this orientation takes leadership into his own hands. When it comes to choosing a task, he tries to reasonably prove his point of view, which is considered useful for completing the task. Typically, such an employee strives to cooperate with the team and achieve the greatest productivity in the work of his subordinates. It is characterized by passion for mastering new skills and abilities, the process of activity itself, and the desire for knowledge.

[edit] Personal focus

Personal orientation creates a predominance of motives for one’s own well-being, the desire for personal primacy and prestige. Such a person is most often busy with himself, his feelings, experiences and little reacts to the needs of the people around him, ignores employees or the work that he must do. In work he sees, first of all, an opportunity to satisfy his aspirations, regardless of the interests of other employees and colleagues.

Thinking

Thinking

-
this is an indirect reflection in the human mind of the essential properties, connections and relationships of objects and phenomena of the surrounding world.
Among other mental processes, thinking is the most complex cognitive process, thanks to which not only the form, but also the essence of certain objects, their internal connections and patterns of development are reflected in the human mind. The thinking process does not exclude perceptual processes. Moreover, in many cases, sensory cognition is a kind of impetus for the activation of thinking, which begins to function when sensory cognition turns out to be powerless and it is necessary to go beyond its limits, solve a more complex than perceptual task, find answers to questions in a complex, problematic situation, not excluding several alternative solutions.

Therefore, thinking can also be defined as the process of solving a problem, finding a way out of a problem situation, eliminating uncertainty in the activity of the subject of cognition. The situation of uncertainty, no matter who it concerns - the investigator or the criminal, encourages active mental activity.

Non-standard tasks that allow for various solutions and the choice of the optimal way to achieve a goal awaken creative thinking.

as the most complex type of mental activity. The social experience of people is manifested in the thinking of participants in legal proceedings. Therefore, their thinking is social in nature.

Types of thinking. In psychology, the following conventional classification of types of thinking is accepted: visual, practical (visual-effective, visual-figurative) and verbal-logical (discursive).

Visual, practical thinking.

Values and needs

A person’s attitude to reality is determined primarily by those needs that he considers necessary for himself. Needs create specific desires and requests, and this, in turn, adds up to the general psychological orientation of the individual. Its main components are value-semantic formations based on the needs and aspirations of a person in accordance with his standard of living, demands and relationships with others. This may include the desire for power and influence, the need for a certain social status, the values that a person wants to have as a result of his efforts and efforts. This also includes self-esteem - a person’s ability to adequately evaluate himself in relation to the surrounding reality.

In addition to the goals that a person sets for himself, the ways of realizing them are also important. We have all been able to observe this in practice many times. For some, “the end justifies the means,” but for others, specific methods will be unacceptable from an ethical point of view. This difference is primarily a consequence of parental attitudes. Parents pass on the lion's share of their value system to their children, showing their example to the child from early childhood. Although sometimes they do it unconsciously. Therefore, many well-known psychologists advise paying maximum attention to the peculiarities of child psychology, child-parent relationships and pedagogical issues. Psychologists V. A. Slastenin and V. P. Kashirin consider, for example, problems such as personal psychology, theoretical and methodological aspects of raising and teaching children, general issues of pedagogy, maintaining mental health, and regulating interpersonal relationships. Scientists pay special attention to professional child psychology.

Education as the basis for personality formation

Raising a child should be a purposeful and methodically organized process. When raising a child, parents give him certain moral guidelines, instill a certain system of values - most often using for these purposes the same model that is dominant for them. The main task of parents in this situation is to adequately reflect reality and measure the relationship between the “ideal” educational model and the strengths, capabilities, character and inclinations of their child. After all, the main thing that a family can give to a new person is a sense of security, self-confidence, encouragement (that feedback that will give the child the opportunity to grow up as a self-confident, purposeful person, capable of achieving the tasks assigned to him without entering into an “ethical conflict” with the surrounding world).

The culture of relationships with others and with oneself, the general culture of the individual, is primarily the task of family education. This is why researchers today pay special attention to childhood psychology, since it is child psychology that lays down the basic forms of future behavior and shapes a person’s psychotype.

Characteristics of personality orientation

When determining the types of personality orientation in psychology, experts take into account various groups of characteristics: the person’s main activity, goals that are important to him, the motives that guide him, ways to achieve his goals, the subjective needs of the individual and, of course, his psychological state.

Depending on the area in which the orientation is manifested, it is divided into professional, moral, everyday, political, creative, etc.

The characteristics of those goals and motives that prompt a person to action primarily take into account what is called the level of maturity of the individual. The level of maturity shows how significant a person’s aspirations are from a social and ideological point of view. The breadth of the range of those areas in which the aspirations of a person’s desires are directed is also important. One of the important aspects is the intensity of the efforts that a person is willing to expend to achieve his goals. An infantile and unpurposeful person, even having a wide range of needs, is not able to spend a long and methodical effort in order to achieve his goals. And a clearly expressed focus and striving towards a goal can give impetus to precisely such methodical efforts.

Forms of personality orientation can manifest themselves in various spheres of a person’s life. Depending on exactly how they manifest themselves, they are divided into everyday, creative, moral and other various types. But for each type it has a defining meaning.

All efforts expended by a person to achieve his goals are motivated to varying degrees by his psychological state. They may be different for different people. Motives can either be conscious of the individual or remain at the unconscious level. But even without being conscious, they still encourage a person to act in a certain way, although often he may not be aware of this. That is why psychological research aimed at studying personality type and its orientation will help not only to determine the conscious motives of our actions, but also to open the door to the unconscious, to everything that remains “behind the scenes” for us.

Kinds

Types of communication in psychology - what they include, its functions

There are 3 main types of focus:

to myself;
on other people;
to the point.

Personal (for yourself)

The individual is occupied only with his personality and the implementation of his own plans. Such people are not afraid of responsibility; they are purposeful and confident in their own abilities. They never ask for help and are reluctant to delegate some of the work to others. They prefer to do everything themselves. Selfish, but very strong, they take responsibility for their mistakes. They tend to make groundless hasty and rash conclusions, they will try to impose their will on everyone around them, they do not like criticism, and they count on rewards. They maintain a spirit of competition, which is why they are aggressive and anxious.

Collectivist (on others)

The main thing for them is communication and mutual understanding. These people do not strive to become leaders and do not like to take responsibility. They work on relationships and are highly dependent on the opinions of others. They are very pleasant to talk to, do not argue and often do not have their own opinions, they try to adapt to others. They are rarely original, they do not know how to resist manipulation and fight for their interests. The most important thing for them is good relationships in the team.

Relationship orientation

Business (for work)

They are sincerely passionate about their work, enjoy learning and strive to learn more about the project, and easily master new skills. They try to find benefits for themselves and the team, set a high common goal, and usually have a stable psyche. They love to lead, teach and help, while being very demanding of themselves and others. They express their thoughts easily and clearly and love to prove their point of view.

Additional

In addition to the three main ones, there are several additional types:

Emotional. Such people are compassionate, listen well and are always ready to support. They tend to take everything to heart and sincerely worry even about other people's problems. People around them trust them and often consult with them. Many of them are partial to music, literature and other forms of art.
Social. They cannot live without active social activities. Thanks to a huge circle of acquaintances, they manage to always keep abreast of events. They will become both good leaders and subordinates.
Depressed. These people do not value their own personality highly, but they are satisfied with the world and those around them.
Suicidal. This is a personality orientation in psychology when a person does not value himself and does not see anything good in the world around him. You don’t have to go far to find an example; such people are not uncommon today.

Professional

Many people try to realize their talents and abilities at work. J. Holland identifies 6 personality types based on the components (interests, values, etc.) of orientation. This scheme can be used to determine the professional orientation of adolescents and divide them into specialized classes.

Career guidance

There are:

Realistic type. This includes people who like to work with specific material objects (equipment, tools). They have well-developed motor skills, dexterity, and spatial imagination. This includes professions such as mechanic, driver, carpenter.
Conventional type. Excellent performers, they easily cope with monotonous work that requires great concentration. They have the patience to watch everything 10 times. Their activities are clearly planned, the need to make decisions or be creative is confusing. Strengths: clarity, composure, responsibility. Professions for people of this type are accountant, economist.
Intellectual. It includes active and creative individuals with well-developed theoretical thinking. They are happy to take on complex tasks and cannot work according to instructions. The craving for mental activity is so great that they choose the profession of mathematician, programmer, etc.
Enterprising. Strong, energetic and very active individuals with the ability to solve problems and promote ideas. Excellent leaders need recognition, the realization of talents, the opportunity to show initiative and ingenuity. Unable to perform routine work. The professions of journalist, director, artist, and manager are suitable for them.
Social type. Such people are characterized by compassion and sensitivity; in solving problems they rely on emotions and feelings. They find themselves in communication, they know how to listen and support, which is how they earn the trust and authority of others. They love to teach, rarely judge and will always try to help. They choose the professions of teacher, doctor, priest.
Artistic type. Emotionally sensitive people have a good imagination and live by sensations and intuition. They do not tolerate limits, they are ready to work intellectually, but not physically. Usually very erudite, they strive to stand out from the crowd. They choose professions: musician, artist, designer, poet or writer.

If a person loves his job, then they speak of high professional orientation. When an individual values salary and other external conditions more, the focus is low.

High professional orientation

Determination of personality orientation

In modern psychology, there is an already developed methodology for determining the social orientation of an individual. Most often, in order to determine a person’s personal aspirations, experts use a questionnaire, which was first created by psychologist B. Brass in 1967. This orientation questionnaire has 27 points, for each of which the respondent must choose 1 of 3 answer options that are closest to him in terms of the nature of the judgment, and 1, on the contrary, is the most distant. An answer that is “close” to the thoughts of the respondent receives a mark of 2 points, and a dissimilar answer receives 0 points. For each type of answer, points are summed up separately. Thanks to this technique, the orientation of a person is quite easily determined by specialists, allowing them to draw a conclusion about what type of activity will be more comfortable for a person.

Here are the 3 most common types.

Ego-orientation can be considered its lowest form, since it is dictated by egocentric motives in human behavior. Ego-orientation is characterized by an individual’s interest in satisfying his own needs and desires, which often allows for aggression towards others in any competitive situation.
Focus on communication: the mood and state of the team will be in 1st place for a person, often even to the detriment of the task he is performing. A quality that is not always optimal for working in a large company, but irreplaceable in the family. Such a person will be ready to sacrifice his interests in order to maintain a favorable environment in the team, because this will also provide him with psychological comfort.
Goal orientation: the most clearly formed motive structure determines the level of human activity. The main task for a person with this personality orientation will be the solution of business problems, the ability to defend interests, if necessary for the benefit of the business. Excellent quality for professionals who are ready to devote themselves to their favorite work. Orientation towards achieving a goal characterizes a strong, strong-willed person who is capable of achieving his goal, but unlike an individual with an egocentric personal position, this goal is not of a personal nature - it may well be dictated by beliefs and high ideals. This is behavior that will seem incomprehensible to an ego-oriented individual, but will not be of particular value to a person focused on communication.

Methodology “Personal orientation in communication”

Methodology “Orientation of the individual in communication” (S.L. Bratchenko). The “UFO” technique is intended to study the orientation of the individual in communication, understood by its author as a set of more or less conscious personal semantic attitudes and value orientations in the field of interpersonal communication, as an individual “communicative paradigm”, including ideas about the meaning of communication, its goals, means, desirable and acceptable methods of behavior in communication, etc.[15] In other words, the technique allows you to study the value-semantic relationships of an individual in the sphere of his communication with other people. It is based on the method of unfinished sentences. There are two forms of the methodology: basic, which does not have professional specifications, and the second, focused on studying the orientation in professional communication. The technique allows us to identify the degree of expression of types of personality orientation (in%) in non-professional and professional communication, as well as the dominant type of orientation in communication and the ratio of the degree of expression of other types. The author of the methodology identified six types of orientation in communication: dialogical, authoritarian, manipulative, alterocentric, conformal and indifferent, the essence of which is described below. It seems that with the help of these types it is possible to more or less fully characterize the variety of individual options for the content of direction in communication, as well as reflect the complexity and versatility of this personal formation. The “UFO” method is projective, it is based on the method of unfinished sentences. Like any projective technique, when used in a qualified manner, it provides important information about the deep features of the psyche. Bratchenko S.L. six main types of UFO are identified: dialogical communicative orientation (D-UFO), authoritarian (AV-UFO); alterocentric (Al-UFO); manipulative orientation (M-UFO); conformal (K-UFO); indifferent (I–UFO). These types of communicative orientation are characterized by the following features, which simultaneously serve as the basis for assessing projective material: 1) D-NFO - orientation towards equal communication, which is based on mutual respect and trust, orientation towards mutual understanding, mutual openness and communicative cooperation, the desire for mutual self-expression , development, cooperation. 2) AV-UFO - orientation towards dominance in communication, the desire to suppress the personality of the interlocutor, to subjugate him to oneself, “communicative aggression”, cognitive ego to be understood or the requirement to agree with one’s own position, reluctance to understand the interlocutor, disrespect for someone else’s point of view, orientation towards the stereotypical “communication-functioning”, communicative rigidity. 3) M-UFO - orientation towards using the interlocutor and all communication for one’s own purposes, to obtain various kinds of benefits, treating the interlocutor as a means, an object of one’s manipulations. The desire to understand the interlocutor in order to obtain the necessary information, combined with one’s own secrecy and insincerity. Focus on development and cunning in communication, but one-sided - only for oneself at the expense of others. 4) Al-UFO - voluntary “centering” on the interlocutor, orientation towards his goals, needs, etc. and selfless sacrifice of one’s interests and goals. The desire to understand the needs of another in order to satisfy them as fully as possible, but indifference to understanding oneself on his part. The desire to contribute to the development of the interlocutor even at the expense of one’s own development and well-being. 5) K-UFO – refusal of equality in communication in favor of the interlocutor. Orientation towards submission to the power of authority, towards an “object” position for oneself. Focus on uncritical “agreement” (avoidance of opposition), lack of desire for real understanding and desire to be understood. Focus on imitation, reactive communication, willingness to “adapt” to the interlocutor. 6) And - UFO - such an attitude towards communication in which it itself is ignored with all its problems, the dominance of an orientation towards “purely business” issues, “withdrawal” from communication as such[15]. The value of the “UFO” technique

Meaning and significance:

In the modern world, it is necessary to take into account the psychological characteristics of a person’s personality orientation. In large corporations, for example, such phenomena have already become quite frequent - a psychological portrait of an employee is compiled and studied by specialists.

Determining the orientation of the individual, the psychotype of a person, his inclinations, goals, temperament - all this is extremely important, since it allows the psychologist or personnel selection specialist to form an understanding of the orientation of the personality and motivation of the employee with whom he works. This approach allows you to find suitable motivation that ensures comfortable work and maximum productivity in any field. But even outside the professional sphere, a modern person must strive to understand himself, determine for himself those qualities, solve those problems that will allow him to develop harmoniously in any aspect of his life.