Maslow's pyramid of needs: components and degree of need

Maslow's theory

Maslow's theory of human needs was developed in 1943. An American psychologist distributed human needs in ascending order. He explained it this way: it is impossible to desire something highest if primary needs are not satisfied. The basis of the pyramid is physiological needs, such as the desire to satisfy hunger, thirst, and enter into sexual relations. Above them come security, affection and love, respect and approval, and knowledge.

Abraham Maslow's theory defines self-actualization as the highest need. Maslow clarifies that each person has an individual set of needs, some steps of the pyramid may change, and achieving 100% completion of each position is not necessary to move to the next level.

Physiological needs

To live, a person needs to satisfy the physiological needs of air, food, and water. In addition, each of us needs movement, sleep, fulfilling physiological needs, as well as communicating with people and satisfying our sexual interests.

It should be remembered that physiological needs are the same for all people, but are satisfied to varying degrees.

The need for oxygen (normal breathing) is a basic physiological need for humans. Breath and life are inseparable concepts. Man learned long ago: dum spiro spero

(lat.) – while I’m breathing, I hope. Many words in Russian have a “breathing” meaning: rest, inspiration, spirit, etc. Maintaining this need should be a priority for the nurse. The cerebral cortex is very sensitive to lack of oxygen. With a lack of oxygen, breathing becomes frequent and shallow (tachypnea), and shortness of breath appears. For example, a prolonged decrease in oxygen concentration in tissues leads to cyanosis: the skin and visible mucous membranes acquire a bluish tint.

By satisfying the need for oxygen, a person maintains the blood gas composition necessary for life.

Need for food. Nutrition is important for maintaining health and well-being. Parents, satisfying the baby’s need for balanced nutrition, show not only parental care, but also provide the child with the opportunity for normal growth and development. A healthy diet for adults helps eliminate risk factors for many diseases. For example, coronary heart disease is caused by eating foods rich in saturated animal fats and cholesterol.

A diet high in grains and plant fibers reduces the risk of colon cancer. Adequate nutrition during illness promotes recovery. Thus, a high protein content in food promotes the healing of wounds, including bedsores.

Let us note that an unmet human need for nutrition often leads to a deterioration in well-being and health.

Fluid requirement. A healthy person should drink 2.5-3 liters of fluid daily. This amount of fluid replenishes physiological losses in the form of urine, sweat, feces and evaporation during breathing. To maintain fluid balance, a person must consume more fluid than they excrete, otherwise signs of dehydration appear. The patient’s ability to avoid many complications depends on the knowledge and skills of the nurse to anticipate dehydration.

The need for physiological functions. The undigested portion of food is excreted from the body in the form of feces. The act of defecation and urination is individual for everyone, and their satisfaction cannot be delayed for a long time. Most people consider these processes personal and intimate and prefer not to discuss them. In this regard, a nurse, when providing assistance to a patient who has problems with the fulfillment of physiological needs, must be especially sensitive and, respecting the person’s right to confidentiality, provide him with the opportunity for privacy.

A. Maslow also classifies the need for sleep and rest The alternation of periods of sleep and wakefulness is the main background for a person’s daily activities.

Research by T. Gower (1997) showed that women are more likely to suffer from fatigue caused by lack of sleep. Lack of sleep is second only to housework among the causes of fatigue. In cases where a person finds time to do business at the expense of sleep, he increases the debt of lack of sleep, since the duration of sleep for a modern person, necessary for normal existence, is at least 7-7.5 hours.

Without enough sleep, a person's health deteriorates. The level of glucose in the blood plasma decreases, the nutrition of the brain changes, mental processes slow down (attention is scattered, short-term memory deteriorates, the speed and accuracy of calculations slow down), and the ability to learn decreases. Studies conducted by American specialists (Gower T., 1997) indicate a decrease in the number of phagocytic cells in the body of a sleep-deprived person. It is known that we spend a third of our lives sleeping. A sick person needs sleep even more, as it helps improve well-being.

Sleep is “an altered state of consciousness that periodically occurs in a person for a more or less long time and contributes to the restoration of his strength and well-being” (Venderova M.I., 2000). There is a circadian biorhythm - a daily cycle of sleep and wakefulness. The state of drowsiness occurs twice during the day: from 00:00 to 04:00, then between 12:00 and 16:00. Despite a person's decreased sensitivity to external stimuli during sleep, this is a very active state. As a result of research conducted by M.I. Venderova (2000), several stages of sleep are identified.

Stage I - slow eye movement sleep (slow eye movement phase). Light sleep lasts a few minutes. During this period, there is a decline in the physiological activity of the body, a gradual decrease in the activity of organs and a slowdown in metabolism. At this time, a sleeping person can be easily awakened; if sleep is not interrupted, then the second stage occurs after 15 minutes.

Stage II - slow eye movement sleep (slow eye movement phase).

Light sleep, lasting 10-20 minutes. The vital functions of the body continue to weaken, and complete relaxation sets in. It is difficult to wake a person.

Stage III - slow eye movement sleep (slow eye movement phase).

The stage of deepest sleep, lasting 15-30 minutes. It is very difficult to wake up a sleeping person. The weakening of vital functions continues: this is complete relaxation, including a slowdown in heart rate.

Stage IV - slow eye movement sleep (slow eye movement phase).

Deep sleep lasting 15-30 minutes. It is still difficult to wake up a sleeping person. During this phase, physical strength is restored. Vital functions are much less pronounced than during wakefulness. Some people experience involuntary urination during this stage of sleep. Following IV, stage III, II, and then stage V of sleep begin again.

During the slow-wave sleep phase, breathing and heart rate slow down and muscles relax.

Stage V - REM sleep (rapid eye movement phase).

Vivid, colorful dreams are possible 50-90 minutes after stage I. Rapid eye movements are observed (at this moment the sleeper dreams), increased heart rate and respiratory movements, changes in blood pressure, and decreased skeletal muscle tone. During this phase, the mental functions of a sleeping person are restored; it is extremely difficult to wake him up, despite signs of more superficial sleep (increased respiratory movements and pulse). The duration of this stage is about 20 minutes.

After stage V of sleep, stages IV, III, II begin for a short time, then stages III, IV, V again, i.e. next sleep cycle.

REM sleep never occurs immediately; it is preceded by several stages of slow-wave sleep. The sleep of any person consists of a sequential alternation of 4-6 completed cycles, the duration of each of them is 60-90 minutes. The duration of REM sleep at the beginning of the night is a few minutes, and by the morning it is about 30 minutes.

Sleep is influenced by factors such as uncomfortable (unusual) posture, physical and/or mental illness, medications and drugs, lifestyle, emotional stress, environment and physical activity. Any disease accompanied by pain, physical illness, anxiety

Rice. 3-2. Sleep cycle

goy and depression, leads to deterioration of sleep. For example, with a pathology of the respiratory system, the patient has to put 2-3 pillows at night, which certainly affects the quality of sleep. With coronary heart disease, the patient is afraid to sleep for fear of a heart attack.

In table Figure 3-1 shows the effect of medications on sleep quality.

Sleeping pills create new problems for the patient rather than bring benefit. Many people are unaware of all aspects of caffeine and alcohol. In particular, caffeine is a long-acting psychostimulant (12-20 hours) that can reduce the depth of sleep. It is found in coffee, tea, chocolate and many soft drinks.

Table 3-1. The influence of pharmacological drugs on sleep quality

nary drinks. The nurse should familiarize the patient with the prescribed medications and their effect on sleep. Elderly and elderly people often experience sleep changes:

• it takes longer to fall asleep and reach the stage of rapid deep sleep;

• the total duration of sleep does not change, even if the person often wakes up at night, so the person often feels sleep-deprived;

• sleep is more often superficial, it is more difficult to fall asleep, frequent awakenings at night and early awakening;

• with age, the duration of shallow sleep increases, so a person often says that he “did not sleep a wink”;

• during the day, an elderly person complains that it is difficult for him to do ordinary basic work, he gets tired quickly, and there is apathy.

Rest is a state of reduced physical and mental activity. You can relax not only while lying on the sofa, but also during a long walk, reading books or performing special relaxation exercises. In a medical facility, rest may be disrupted by loud noise, bright lights, the presence of other people, and frequent medical procedures. Rest and sleep are essential for daily human functioning. Knowledge of the stages of sleep and the possible causes of sleep disturbance will enable the nurse to provide assistance to the patient and satisfy his needs with the means available to her.

Need for movement. Limited mobility or immobility creates many problems for a person. Immobility is “a condition in which a person is unable to move or has difficulty making movements necessary for normal functioning” (Jeng M., 1995). This condition can be long-term or short-term, transient or permanent. It may be caused by the forced use of orthopedic systems (splint, traction, corset or any special means for holding the body), pain (in the joints, back, etc.); chronic disease (arthritis, residual effects of cerebrovascular accident, etc.), mental disorder (delirium, depression, etc.).

Immobility is one of the risk factors for the development of trophic disorders (bedsores), pathological changes in the musculoskeletal system (osteoporosis, muscle atrophy, joint contracture), and disturbances in the functioning of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems (especially in the supine position). With prolonged complete immobility, changes in the digestive system are observed (dyspepsia, flatulence, anorexia, diarrhea or constipation). Regular and intense straining, which the patient is forced to resort to during defecation in a supine position, leads to hemorrhoids, myocardial infarction, and cardiac arrest. Immobility causes urinary problems, which in turn leads to the development of urinary tract infections and/or urolithiasis.

And most importantly, an immobile person is deprived of communication with the environment, which influences the formation of his own “I”. The severity and duration of immobility have an impact on the psychosocial sphere of a person: learning ability, motivation, feelings and emotions change.

The nurse's assistance aimed at restoring mobility is important to improve the patient's quality of life.

Sexual need. It does not stop even during illness or upon reaching old age. Sex usually refers only to its biological component (sexual relations). At the same time, sexuality includes the need for intimacy, love, touch and a sense of one's own femininity or masculinity.

According to WHO, a person’s sexual health affects his social health and includes three main components:

• the ability to enjoy and control sexual and reproductive behavior in accordance with social and moral norms;

• absence of fear, shame, guilt, misconceptions and other psychological factors that suppress reactions and worsen sexual relationships;

• absence of organic disorders that impair sexual and reproductive activity.

A person’s sexual health is affected by illness, developmental defects, and in women, also by the birth of a child. However, many patients are reluctant to talk about this topic, even if they have serious sexual problems. As a rule, people do not need to satisfy their sexual needs every day, but, like the need for breathing, food, water, the sexual need is always present. Solving sexual problems can help the patient find harmony in his health. Treating the patient with understanding and not disturbing (if possible) the intimate atmosphere or privacy is the least a nurse can do to satisfy his need for sex (Golubev V.L., 1991). “Many nurses feel uncomfortable talking to their patients about sexual issues. In order to get rid of this feeling, you need to:

• develop an accurate scientific basis for understanding healthy sexuality and its most common disorders and dysfunctions;

• understand how sexuality is affected by a person's sexual orientation, culture and religious beliefs;

• determine for yourself the boundaries within which discussing issues and problems of sexuality with patients does not cause inconvenience;

• learn to identify problems that are beyond the scope of nursing competence and recommend specialist help to the patient.”

The considered physiological needs, according to A. Maslow’s theory, are low-level needs and exist in any person, regardless of age and sociocultural environment. The importance of nursing staff in meeting the physiological needs of patients should not be underestimated (Table 3-2).

Table 3-2. Helping the nurse meet the physiological needs of the patient

Maslow's pyramid: schematic representation

Maslow's pyramid is depicted everywhere in the form of a kind of diagram, where human needs are arranged in ascending and descending order. But with all its dissemination, it is necessary to clarify that Maslow himself did not draw pyramids and triangles in any publication. The scientist believed that the order of distribution of needs is very conditional and individual, and therefore can be structured differently depending on the preferences of the individual.

Thus, Abraham Maslow did not create a pyramid of needs as such, he simply identified similar traits in their formation in people who became successful. The very image of the pyramid with the inscriptions was created by its adherents for better visual perception.

Pyramid of needs: what does it consist of?

The pyramid of needs includes five main blocks:

1. physiology;
2. safety;
3. belonging;
4. Love;
5. confession;
6. self-actualization.

As primitive needs (such as the desire to eat and drink) are satisfied, a person has a need to satisfy other needs - psychological, moral, social in nature.

Psychologists agree that the practical use of the pyramid invented by A. Maslow is possible only in limited cases. There is no evidence that every person needs recognition and respect; many people live well without these needs. There are people who deliberately starve, which means their basic needs are not satisfied, but they still feel good.

There is a version that Maslow himself subsequently did not recognize his theory as correct, refined its postulates, but it was never brought to the ideal.

Motivations and needs: physiological basis and meaning.

Needs

- the form of communication of the organism with the outside world and the source of its activity. It is the needs, being the internal essential forces of the organism, that prompt it to various forms of activity (activity) necessary for the preservation and development of the individual and the species.

Classification of needs.

1. Biological needs. Common to both humans and animals. However, in animals they are instinctive in nature, and the basis of human biological needs lies, first of all, in the level of socialization of human biological needs, which can be significantly modified under the influence of sociocultural factors. For example, the socialization of food needs has given rise to the highly valued art of cooking and the aestheticization of the process of food consumption. It is also known that in some cases people are able to suppress their biological needs (food, sexual, etc.), guided by higher-order goals.

Basic biological needs - food, water, optimal environmental conditions (oxygen content in the air, atmospheric pressure, ambient temperature, etc.) The need for safety occupies a special place. Failure to satisfy this need gives rise to feelings such as anxiety and fear.

2. Social and ideal needs. According to the physiology of GNI, the innate, unconditional reflex principles of behavior, which are universal in nature and manifest themselves in the behavior of both higher animals and humans.

Social needs (zoosocial in animals) as a fundamental basis include the following types:

1. the need to belong to a certain social group;

2. the need to occupy a certain position in this group in accordance with the individual’s subjective 3. idea of ​​the hierarchy of this group;

3. the need to follow behavioral patterns adopted in a given group. They are aimed at ensuring the interaction of the individual with other representatives of his species.

3. Ideal needs constitute a biologically determined basis for the self-development of an individual.

1. The need for novelty. It underlies the orientation-research activity of an individual and provides him with the opportunity to actively learn about the world around him. This includes information needs. Need for varied stimulation.

2. The need for competence is the desire to repeat the same action until its execution is completely successful, and is found in the behavior of higher animals and often small children.

3. The need to overcome (“freedom reflex”, as defined by I.P. Pavlov) arises in the presence of a real obstacle and is determined by the desire of a living being to overcome this obstacle

Motivation

. It can be considered as a factor (mechanism) that determines behavior.

The need, developing into motivation, activates the central nervous system and other body systems. At the same time, it acts as an energy factor that induces the body to a certain behavior. Need and Motivation are not identical. Needs are not always converted into motivational arousal; at the same time, without proper motivational arousal, it is impossible to satisfy the corresponding needs.

Motivational arousal is a special, integrated state of the brain, in which, based on the influence of subcortical structures, the cerebral cortex is involved in the activity. As a result, a living being begins to purposefully search for ways and objects to satisfy the corresponding need.

Types of motivation. In any motivation it is necessary to distinguish between two components: energy and direction. The first reflects the degree of tension of the need, the second - the specificity or semantic content of the need. Motivations vary in strength and content. In the first case, they vary in the range from weak to strong. In the second, they are directly related to the need they are aimed at satisfying.

Physiological theories of motivation

In the structures of the brain, there are chemoreceptors specialized in perceiving fluctuations in the content of certain chemicals in the blood. The main center containing such receptors is the hypothalamus. On this basis, the hypothalamic theory of motivation was put forward, according to which the hypothalamus plays the role of the center of motivational states. For example, in the lateral (side) hypothalamus there is a hunger center, which encourages the body to search for and eat food, and in the medial (middle) hypothalamus there is a satiety center, which limits food intake. But the Hypothalamus is not the only center.

The first instance where excitation of any motivational center of the hypothalamus is addressed is the limbic system of the brain. As hypothalamic excitation increases, it begins to spread widely, covering the cerebral cortex and the reticular formation. The latter has a generalized activating effect on the cerebral cortex. The frontal cortex performs the functions of constructing behavioral programs aimed at satisfying needs. It is these influences that constitute the energetic basis for the formation of purposeful behavior to satisfy urgent needs.

Thus, motivation turns out to be an essential component of the functional system of behavior. It represents a special state of the body, which, persisting throughout the entire time - from the beginning of a behavioral act to the receipt of useful results - determines the purposeful behavioral activity of the body and the nature of its response to external stimuli.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

So, let's take a closer look at what the hierarchy of needs developed by Abraham Maslow is.

• The main need is physiological, according to which a person needs food, water, sex. These are the basic needs, without which, according to the scientist, a person cannot live. It is quite logical that a hungry person would prefer to eat better than to gain the respect of colleagues or acquaintances. Physiology is above all. Moreover, without food and water, the very existence of man is in question.
• The second need is security. It is important for a person to feel protected. Therefore, he tries to avoid any dangers or potentially dangerous situations.

Some scientists also attribute the need for security to physiological needs, believing that it originates in primitive society. In those days, it was important for a person to eat, sleep, drink water, have offspring and stay away from wild animals, bad weather and other dangers. The man was afraid for his life, so he looked for refuge, caves in which he could feel safe.

• The third need is love and respect. Maslow believed that modern man, having satisfied the first two stages, will seek love and respect. People tend to have feelings, enter into relationships, have families and children, feel respect for others and see respect or disrespect for themselves. To this end, everyone is looking for the group of people that comes closest to meeting these needs. Man is a social being; it is important for him to be part of society and occupy a certain place in it. It is in an effort to get rid of loneliness that people become part of clubs, movements, circles.
• The fourth stage of the pyramid involves the development of people’s need for recognition, achieving certain levels of development, position. It is important for a person to realize that he has the ability to develop and is gradually gaining a certain reputation in society. Of course, everyone has their own, since everyone has their own concept and desire to achieve something.

Status in society gives a person confidence in himself and his own strengths, helps him achieve his goals and reach new heights. This could be career growth, hobby, sports, cultural achievements. If a person is unable to achieve recognition and achieve goals, he becomes weak and may develop neuroses and depression.

• The fifth and highest stage of the pyramid is the need for self-actualization, when a person, having satisfied everything else to varying degrees, begins to look for opportunities for self-realization.

A person who has reached the fifth stage begins to develop creative abilities, engage in spiritual growth, and self-improvement. He can go to art exhibitions, attend the theater, cultural events, and master classes on personal growth. Some people are searching for the meaning of life, their place in society and purpose.

Often a person who has reached the fifth stage of the pyramid radically changes his opinion and attitude towards the world around him and some things.

Needs of the body and personality.

Need is the need experienced by a person to eliminate deviations from the parameters of life that are optimal for him as a biological being, an individual and a personality.

In psychology, there is a need to separate the concepts of “need of the body” and “need of the individual.” The body's needs (needs) : -unconscious (imperceptible) -conscious (felt) biological -conscious (understood) social Personal needs: First: not every need of the body (organic need, deficiency) is recognized by a person and turns into an impulse, for example the need for minerals , vitamins, etc. Therefore, some of the needs of the body (which are not reflected in consciousness) may not turn into the needs of the individual.

Second: perceived organic needs (called biological) - for nutrients, oxygen, etc. - are reflected in a person’s consciousness not only in the form of sensations (“sucking in the pit of the stomach” during hunger, for example), but also as an experience of tension in the form desire to defuse this tension, and sometimes even strengthen it if it is associated with positive emotions.

Therefore, a personal need is not just an awareness of need in the form of a sensation, it is most often a need transformed into an experience and desire. A person needs not proteins, fats and carbohydrates, but food, moreover, prepared in a certain way, not oxygen, but air, inhalation, etc. Considering also that many personal needs are not related to the biological needs of the body, according to at least directly, you come to the conclusion that the needs of the individual and the body are not identical entities. The differences between a need (biological need) and a personal need are clearly evident when considering a person’s sleep. The body's need for sleep is clearly manifested when a person falls asleep against his will (while reading a book, watching a TV show, etc.); the need of the individual can manifest itself, for example, when a person decides to fall asleep (goes to bed earlier in order to get up earlier).

When speaking about the need of the individual as a state, it is important to keep in mind its two sides, acting in unity - physiological (biological) and psychological. This can be seen in the diagram by Czech psychologist Josef Schwanzer (1978), which shows the components and determinants of motivation.

On the physiological side, need, as already mentioned, is the reaction of the body and personality to the influence of both internal stimuli - endogenous needs exogenous needs

At the same time, the state of need experienced by a person “here and now” is not always perceived as uncomfortable, but can also be positively emotionally colored, experienced as pleasure, as an anticipation of something pleasant (sweet languor, sweet languor). That is why T. Schneirla, in his “two-phase theory of motivation,” emphasizes that strengthening a need can serve as the same “reward” for living beings as weakening an excessively strong need. Children, unlike adults who treat external stimuli more or less balanced, react especially emotionally to environmental phenomena and its objects if they foretell them some kind of pleasure. For a baby, for example, a mother is not just a person, but an object that evokes an emotionally rich experience. As soon as a child sees his mother, he immediately wants to be held in her arms, so that she will console him, feed him, caress him; Mom comes - he laughs, leaves - cries.

The need state is associated: - with the excitation of certain sensitive centers that respond to the influence of a particular stimulus (let’s call this specific excitation); - with stimulation of emotion centers - for example, pleasure or displeasure (let's call this excitement partially specific, since emotions can be experienced in response to the influence of stimuli of different modalities); - with excitement, as well as tension, reflecting the emergence of a temporary dominant focus and requiring its resolution (let's call this non-specific excitation, since non-specific excitation systems - the reticular formation and the hypothalamus - may take part in this).

If the need is not satisfied for a long time, then the tension can develop into mental tension. From a psychological point of view, a biological need is a reflection in consciousness of these types of arousal: specific arousal is reflected in the form of a feeling of a deviation from homeostasis (for example, a feeling of hunger), partially specific - in the form of an experience of pleasant or unpleasant (comfort or discomfort), and non-specific arousal - in the form of internal tension and desire (desire) to intensify or eliminate the experience.

(Ilyin E. P.I. 46 Motivation and motives. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2002 - 512 p.: ill. - (Series “Masters of Psychology”)

Basic human needs

Basic needs are those needs without which a person cannot exist. They are main and mainly of a physiological nature, although depending on temperament and personality type, they may be of a different type.

First of all, scientists consider the basic needs to be innate: to breathe, drink, eat, sleep, wear clothes and shoes. For some people, the basic need to be alone with themselves and restore strength, for others - to plunge into communication. For some, it is vital to exercise daily.

Thus, each individual may have his own sets of basic needs, which include conventional and other needs.

Psychologists say that the list of needs that people can classify as basic is replenished and grows with enviable consistency. ​​​​​​​

Physiological needs are the main ones in Maslow's theory

Physiological needs occupy the first place in Abraham Maslow's hierarchy. This is what helps a person live and survive. A person has the same physiological needs as animals - to breathe, eat, drink, sleep, procreate.

It is known that the recommended rate of water consumption is at least 1.5 liters per day, food - 2300 kcal. A person needs fresh air, at least 8 hours of sleep and physical activity of 10 thousand steps.

When a person is provided with food, water, oxygen, and sleeps enough, he develops a need for sex. Of course, lack of sex life has never put anyone at risk of death. But in itself it can cause a neurotic disorder and change the psyche. A sexually dissatisfied person is at risk of developing frustration, which manifests itself in increased anxiety, irritability and depression.

Social needs

Social needs are determined by the fact that in life a person constantly interacts with other members of society. Society influences the formation of personality, habits, and methods of communication. Psychologists have proven that only through interaction with people can a harmonious and developed personality be formed. These needs are acquired, not innate.

Although social needs do not affect the nature of life and death (a person is unlikely to die if he does not talk to anyone for a week), these needs play an important role in life. Among the social needs are friendship, love, communication, approval, care, and spending time together.

A distinctive feature of social needs is that their satisfaction is possible only through interaction with other representatives of society. By experiencing friendly and loving feelings, respect, and pleasure from joint activities with someone, a person is able to increase self-esteem, become more self-confident, and learn to achieve goals.

Social need is expressed in the desire to work, to work, to be active and indifferent to social problems and the problems of individual people. People join communities and clubs of interest in order to follow a common goal and, thus, satisfy their own needs, as well as the needs of society.

On the contrary, if the social need is not satisfied, a person experiences irritation, apathy, becomes lonely and unsociable, experiences stress and often gets sick.

Social needs are divided into 3 categories:

1. For myself. When a person needs to understand himself, realize his place in society, achieve a certain status and position.
2. For others. When a person plays the roles of a friend, spouse, son/daughter, parent. Here, helping others, caring for them, and devotion come first.
3. Collective needs. These include the need for freedom, peace, security of society as a whole, justice

Psychophysiology of needs and motivations Prepared by. - presentation

Psychophysiology of needs and motivations Prepared by

All forms of behavior have a specific reason (motive), i.e. aimed at meeting needs. I.M. Sechenov - need, this is the motivation and goal of human and animal behavior, the reason for “wanting”. I.P. Pavlov is a need, it is a determinant of behavior, a “goal reflex”, a force that encourages the body to a certain behavior. P.V. Simonov is a need, a form of communication between the body and the outside world and the source of its activity.

Need is the selective dependence of living organisms on environmental factors essential for self-preservation and self-development. Needs determine a person’s interests, aspirations, desires, inclinations, the direction of his thinking, and the goals that a person sets for himself.

P.V. Simonov identified three main groups of needs. 1. Biological (in food, water, housing, safety, etc.) are aimed at ensuring individual and species existence and are determined by the need to maintain the constancy of the internal environment of the body. 2. Social (zoosocial in animals) are the needs to belong to a certain social group and occupy a certain place in it, to follow the behavioral, moral and aesthetic norms of society, to enjoy the affection and attention of others, to be the object of their respect and love. Aimed at ensuring the interaction of the individual with other representatives of his species. 3. Ideal - these are the needs of knowledge of the surrounding world, they constitute the biological basis for self-development and creativity. The need for novelty is the desire to search for new stimuli, information, and research activities. The need for competence - the desire to repeat the same action until it is successfully performed - is the basis for mastering instrumental skills and other types of learning. The need to overcome is the “freedom reflex” according to I.P. Pavlov, the desire to overcome emerging limitations, the urge to expand the habitat.

Hierarchical ladder of human needs according to A. Maslow: 1. Physiological needs (food, water, sex, sleep, warmth, etc.). 2. The need for security (confidence in protection, order, predictability of the environment, certainty of the future). 3. The need for love and belonging to someone (the desire to love and be loved, to have a family, inclusion in a group, the desire to have friends). 4. The need for self-esteem and the respect of others (evaluation of one’s achievements, success in the eyes of others). 5. The need for self-realization (maximum use of one’s abilities, achievement of complete personal viability). –According to Maslow’s theory, five basic types of needs form a hierarchical structure, which, as a dominant, determines human behavior. –Higher-level needs do not motivate a person until the lower-level needs are at least partially satisfied. However, this hierarchical structure is not absolutely rigid and strict. –Sometimes between the 4th and 5th levels of the hierarchy such needs as cognitive (cognitive) and aesthetic (striving for harmony) are placed.

Motivations are motivations for activity related to the satisfaction of certain needs. Three main groups of motivations: 1. biological, which are characteristic of humans and animals; 2. social, characteristic of humans and partly animals; 3. intellectual and spiritual - characteristic only of man. The main reason for the emergence of biological motivations is the deviation of the basic constants of homeostasis, i.e. they are formed on the basis of biological needs - hunger, thirst, sexual feelings, etc. For example, when the level of nutrients in the blood decreases, chemoreceptors are excited, information from them enters the lateral nuclei of the hypothalamus (hunger center), and from it is transmitted to the cerebral cortex - there is a feeling of hunger. Excitation gradually captures larger and larger areas of the cortex, which ensures the formation of eating behavior.

Biological needs. Biological needs are determined by the need to maintain a constant internal environment of the body. The activity they stimulate is always aimed at achieving an optimal level of functioning of basic life processes, at achieving a useful, adaptive result. This activity resumes when the parameters of the internal environment deviate from the optimal level and stops when it is reached.

Social and ideal needs. The physiology of higher nervous activity approaches the definition of the nature and composition of social and ideal needs, relying on the idea of ​​the existence of an innate, unconditionally reflexive basis of behavior, which has a universal character and is manifested in the behavior of both higher animals and humans.

The need for novelty underlies the orientation-research activity of an individual and provides him with the opportunity to actively understand the world around him. Two groups of factors are relevant to the actualization of this need: activation deficit, which prompts the search for new stimuli (complex and changeable), and information deficit, which forces us to look for ways to reduce uncertainty.

Currently available motivations can be divided into main (dominant) and subordinate. For example, the need for food is the dominant motivation, and taste sensations are subordinate motivations (motives). Dominant motivations are called basic (leading), and subordinate motives are called derivative (situational). The dominant motivation is predominantly unconscious. for example, in a state of hunger - the desire for food as such; the subordinate motive is usually more conscious (there is a desire for sweet, salty, spicy, etc.). Physiological mechanisms of dominant motivation - the doctrine of the dominant (A. A. Ukhtomsky, 1904). Motivational effects occur when self-irritation zones are stimulated (the area of ​​the lateral hypothalamus). The response (from search behavior to strong motivational effects and self-irritation effects) depends on the strength of the irritation (D. Olds, 1960).

In the body, under the influence of a certain physiological need, an emotionally charged state develops - motivation. The term "motivation" literally means "that which causes movement", i.e. in a broad sense, motivation can be considered as a factor (mechanism) that determines behavior. The need, developing into motivation, activates the central nervous system and other body systems. At the same time, it acts as an energy factor that induces the body to a certain behavior.

Conclusion Having studied this topic, we came to the conclusion that the needs that ensure the normal functioning of the body are well known - these are the needs for food, water, optimal environmental conditions (oxygen content in the air, atmospheric pressure, ambient temperature, etc.). A special place in this series is occupied by the need for security. Failure to satisfy this need gives rise to feelings such as anxiety and fear. Social and ideal needs. The physiology of higher nervous activity approaches the definition of the nature and composition of social and ideal needs, relying on the idea of ​​the existence of an innate, unconditionally reflexive basis of behavior, which has a universal character and is manifested in the behavior of both higher animals and humans.

1. “NEED, FORM OF CONNECTION OF AN ORGANISM WITH THE EXTERNAL WORLD AND THE SOURCE OF ITS ACTIVITY” WHO SAID THIS: A. P. V. SIMONOV B. I. P. PAVLOV V. I. M. SECHENOV G. I. M. SECHENOV AND P .V.SIMONOV D.P.V.SIMONOV AND I.P.PAVLOV Questions

2. DETERMINE THE INTERESTS, ASPIRATIONS, DESIRES, DRIVES OF A PERSON, THE DIRECTION OF HIS THINKING, THE GOALS THAT A PERSON SET FOR HIMSELF. THIS IS A. NEED B. THINKING C. EMOTIONS D. WILL E. PURPOSE

3. WHO IDENTIFIED THREE MAIN GROUPS OF NEEDS: A. I. P. PAVLOV B. I. M. SECHENOV AND I. P. PAVLOV V. P. V. SIMONOV G. I. M. SECHENOV

4. INCENTIVES TO ACTIVITY ASSOCIATED WITH THE SATISFACTION OF CERTAIN NEEDS, THIS IS A. NEED B. EMOTIONS C. MOTIVATION D. NEED AND MOTIVATION

5. HOW MANY GROUPS OF MOTIVATIONS: A. 1 B. 4 C. 5 D. 2 E. 3

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