Maslow's pyramid on our body

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Abraham Maslow

[1] (English
Abraham Maslow
; April 1, 1908 (19080401), New York - June 8, 1970, Menlo Park, California) - famous American psychologist, founder of humanistic psychology.

“Maslow Pyramid” , sometimes attributed to Maslow, is widely known.

- a diagram that hierarchically represents human needs.
However, in none of his publications is there such a scheme K: Wikipedia: Articles without sources (type: not specified)[ source not specified 3544 days
], on the contrary, he believed that the hierarchy of needs is not fixed and depends to the greatest extent on the individual characteristics of each person. The “Pyramid of Needs,” introduced probably to simplify the idea of ​​a hierarchy of needs, was found for the first time in German-language literature in the 1970s, for example, in the first edition of the textbook by W. Stopp (1975)[2].

His model of the hierarchy of needs has found wide application in economics, occupying an important place in the construction of theories of motivation and consumer behavior.

Biography

Maslow was the eldest of seven children of the cooper Samuil Maslov and Rosa Shilovskaya, who emigrated from the Kyiv province to the United States at the beginning of the 20th century.[3] He was born in the Jewish neighborhood of Brooklyn. His childhood can hardly be called happy. The father, who worked as a cooper, disappeared from the family for a long time, the mother was a tough person and full of prejudices. Parents often quarreled. When he was nine years old, the family moved from a Jewish area of ​​the city to another, non-Jewish one, and because Maslow had a distinctly Jewish appearance, he learned about anti-Semitism. He was a lonely, shy and depressed young man.[4]

Maslow was one of the best students in school. After graduating in 1926, on the advice of his father, he entered City College of Law in New York, but did not even complete the first year. Maslow first became acquainted with psychology at Cornell University (Cornell University, Ithaca), where E. B. Titchener was a professor of psychology.

In 1928, Maslow transferred to the University of Wisconsin-Madison, where Harry Harlow, a famous primate researcher, became his supervisor. That same year, Maslow married his cousin Bertha, with whom he had been in love since the age of 12.[5]

At the University of Wisconsin, he received a bachelor's degree (1930), master's degree (1931), and doctorate (1934).[6] Maslow received a classical behavioral education, and his first scientific work, which promised him a bright future, was devoted to the relationship between sexuality and social behavior in primates[4].

In 1934, he began working at Columbia University as a research assistant for Edward Thorndike, a famous behaviorist and learning theorist. At first, Maslow was an adherent of the behaviorist approach; he admired the work of John B. Watson, but gradually became interested in other ideas[5].

In 1937, Maslow accepted an offer to become a professor at Brooklyn College, where he worked for 14 years. At this time, he met a galaxy of the most famous European psychologists who took refuge in the United States from Nazi persecution, including Alfred Adler, Erich Fromm, Karen Horney, Margaret Mead, as well as the founder of Gestalt psychology Max Wertheimer and anthropologist Ruth Benedict. The last two became not only teachers and friends of Maslow, but also those people thanks to whom the idea of ​​​​researching self-actualizing individuals arose [7].

But Maslow's first attempts to announce his new ideas caused a negative reaction in the American psychological community, which was dominated by behaviorists. Even his faculty colleagues shunned him; leading psychological journals refused to publish scientific works[7]. In 1951, Maslow became the first dean of the psychology department at the newly created Brandeis University. He worked there until 1969. It was during this period that recognition of his ideas began and humanistic psychology began to take shape as a separate direction[7]. In the 60s, Maslow became popular, and in 1967 he was elected president of the American Psychological Association, which surprised him.[4]

A. Maslow died suddenly from acute myocardial infarction at the age of 62 [8][9].

Sister - anthropologist and ethnographer Ruth Maslow Lewis (1916-2008), wife of anthropologist Oscar Lewis[3].

Who is Maslow who invented the pyramid of needs?

Abraham Maslow was born in 1908 in a Jewish neighborhood of Brooklyn into a family of poor immigrants. He was the eldest of seven children of the cooper Samuil Maslov and Rosa Shilovskaya, who moved to the United States from the Kyiv province. As a child, Abraham was a very lonely and shy child, so he spent a lot of time in libraries reading books and studied well. As a result, he became interested in psychology and at the age of 20 began his studies at the University of Wisconsin, where he received a behavioral education, which argued that the behavior of humans and animals consists of reflexes and reactions to certain impulses - his first scientific work was devoted to the relationship between sexuality and social behavior in primates.

Abraham Maslow

Gradually, Abraham Maslow became interested in other psychological ideas. In 1943, he published a work called “The Theory of Human Motivation,” in which he structured the desires and needs of people depending on what is primary and what is secondary to us. Roughly speaking, until basic needs are satisfied, it is difficult for a person to think about high things. The ideas were outlined in more detail in the 1954 book Motivation and Personality. Maslow's pyramid as we know it today is a simplified presentation of the psychologist's ideas. Maslow divided needs into five categories:

1. Physiology: food, water, air, sleep, sex.
2. Safety: family, work, comfort, health, housing, clothing.
3. Love and the desire to be accepted: friendship, family relationships, social connections, affection, caring for others and attention to oneself.
4. Prestige and reputation: self-esteem, recognition, respect from others, success, career growth.
5. Unlocking personal spiritual potential: cognition, self-actualization, self-expression, self-identification.

Later, two more steps were added to the pyramid - the needs for learning (gaining knowledge, research) and aesthetics (order, beauty). The scientist divided needs into innate (stages 1 and 2) and acquired (starting from the second and above), as well as into lower (which must be satisfied, otherwise we will not survive) and higher (which are not easy to satisfy). Interestingly, only 2% of people reach the top of the pyramid.

An ideal happy society according to Maslow is a society of well-fed people who have no reason for fear or anxiety. If a person is constantly lacking food, he is unlikely to be in dire need of recognition or love. But a person in love still needs food. Abraham Maslow was sure that only when the stomach is full does a person have higher needs, and it is these, and not hunger, that control us. As some needs are satisfied, others arise, higher and higher ones. So gradually, step by step, a person comes to the need for self-development - the highest of them.

Maslow's scientific views

Main article: Self-actualization

Main article: Maslow's pyramid of needs

Maslow was one of the first to study the positive aspects of human behavior. His studies of self-actualizing individuals allowed him to formulate a positive, humanistic view of human nature. If previously psychology, especially psychoanalysis, studied people with various mental disorders and, on the basis of this, theories of personality were formulated, then Maslow took healthy and fulfilled people as samples, as a result, he received new data about human nature.[4]

Behaviorism and psychoanalysis, or deficit psychologies as Maslow called them, avoided many cultural, social and individual aspects of human expression, such as creativity, love, altruism and so on. For the existential psychology that Maslow proposed, it was these manifestations of man that were most interesting.[4] Maslow's most famous theory is the theory of motivation, based on the hierarchy of needs model. The highest need that pushes a person to reveal his abilities and talents is, according to Maslow, the need for self-actualization.[7]

Three stages in the development of this theory can be distinguished. At the first stage, Maslow moves away from a strictly defined hierarchy of needs and divides all motives into two groups: deficit and existential. The first group is aimed at filling deficits, such as the need for food or sleep. These are inevitable needs that ensure human survival. The second group of motives serves development; these are existential motives - activity that does not arise to satisfy needs, but is associated with obtaining pleasure, satisfaction, with the search for a higher goal and its achievement. At the third stage, the concepts of metamotivation and metaneeds appear in Maslow’s theory, which are associated with human existential values, such as truth, goodness, beauty and others. This existential layer of a person’s existence can be revealed to a person in the so-called “peak experiences”, which are an experience of delight, aesthetic pleasure, and strong positive emotions.[10]

Developing these ideas, Maslow comes to understand the limitations of the framework of humanistic psychology and participates in the creation of a new, “fourth force” - transpersonal psychology.[4]

Maslow's ideas have received much attention from both supporters and critics. The latter argued that the study samples were too small to make such generalizations. Maslow was particularly criticized for the subjectivity of the criteria for choosing self-actualizing individuals, as well as for the lack of consideration in his theories of social factors and the surrounding context.[7][10] Maslow's diagram shows the order in which the average person satisfies their needs. Although statistically the diagram is correctK:Wikipedia:Articles without sources (type: not specified) [ source not specified 1930 days

], there are cases when, for example, the need for recognition is more important for a person than the need for love.[11]

Maslow believed that all self-actualized people have common characteristics:

1. More effective perception of reality and a more comfortable relationship with reality.
2. Acceptance (of yourself, others, nature).
3. Immediacy; simplicity; naturalness.
4. Focused on the problem [as opposed to ego-focused].
5. Ability to separate; need for privacy.
6. Autonomy; independence from cultural cliches and surroundings.
7. Continued freshness of perception.
8. Mystical and summit experience.
9. Feeling of community with others (German: Gemeinschaftsgefühl)
10. Deeper and more insightful relationships.
11. Democratic.
12. The ability to recognize ends and means, good and bad.
13. Philosophical, gentle, benevolent humor.
14. Creativity.
15. Resistance to acculturation; outside of any specific culture.[4]

Among these self-actualized people Maslow included Abraham Lincoln, Thomas Jefferson, Albert Einstein, Eleanor Roosevelt, Jane Adams, William James, Albert Schweitzer, Aldous Huxley and Baruch Spinoza.

Abraham Maslow

Maslow Abraham Harold (1908-1970) - American psychologist, one of the founders of humanistic psychology.

He put forward the concept of a holistic approach to man and analysis of his highest essential manifestations - love, creativity, spiritual values, etc. In contrast to the then dominant behaviorism and psychoanalysis, Maslow believed that the essence of man was initially positive and directed towards constant development. In this case, the goal of psychology is to “help a person discover in himself what is already inherent in him,” to help his self-actualization. According to Maslow, these features, existing in the form of innate potentials, are actualized under the influence of social conditions. Maslow created a hierarchical model of motivation (Maslow's Pyramid of Needs), according to which he argued that higher needs can guide a person's behavior only to the extent that his lower needs are satisfied.

His ideas served to create humanistic psychology, the subject of which is the whole person in his highest manifestations, such as self-actualization, highest values ​​and meanings, freedom, responsibility, etc.

Performance evaluation

The contribution of A. Maslow to contemporary psychology is enormous. Psychologists should be grateful to him for reorienting attention from the study of neuroses to the study of health psychology, for his constructive criticism of psychoanalysis, and for his conviction in the need for growth and development. On the other hand, the idea of ​​a “self-developing seed” became a dogma for a huge number of psychologists for many decades. Cm.

Biography of A. Maslow

Abraham Harold Maslow was born on April 1, 1908. We should probably pronounce such a strange-sounding surname for an American in the usual manner - Maslov. This surname was borne by the father of the future psychologist, a native of the southern provinces of the Russian Empire, who, like tens of thousands of his Jewish fellow tribesmen, shocked by the ruthless pogroms of the beginning of the century, moved to the New World. There he opened a workshop for making barrels, “got back on his feet” and sent his bride away from his homeland. So their first-born, who in other circumstances could have been our compatriot and called Abram Grigorievich Maslov, was already born in Brooklyn, not the most respectable area of ​​New York. Cm.

Publications

• "Far reaches of the human psyche"
• "Motivation and Personality"
• "Psychology of Being"
• "Self-Actualized People: A Study of Psychological Health"
• "New Frontiers of Human Nature"

Notes

1. [www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Maslow-Abraham Maslow, Abraham]. Oxford US English dictionary
   . Retrieved January 14, 2014. [www.webcitation.org/6McCO7i1H Archived from the original on January 14, 2014].
2. History of the problem, or Why Maslow did not build a pyramid of needs? // Genkin B. M.
   [www.socioline.ru/node/673 Economics and sociology of labor: a textbook for universities.] - M.: NORM, 2007. - ISBN 978-5-468-00061-8. - Ch. 3.1.
3. ↑ 12
   [www.news-gazette.com/obituaries/2008-06-21/ruth-lewis.html Ruth Lewis]
4. ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Frager, Robert;
   Fadyman, James. Personality. Theories, exercises, experiments. — Prime Eurosign, 2004.
5. ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 Maslow A.
   Motivation and personality. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2008.
6. Abraham Maslow and transpersonal psychology // Theories of personality and personal growth / Robert Frager, James Fadiman. - Ch. 15.
7. ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 Shultz D. P., Shultz S. E.
   History of modern psychology. - St. Petersburg: Eurasia, 2003.
8. [www.muskingum.edu/~psych/psycweb/history/maslow.htm Psychology History]
9. [select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F40910FD3955127B93C2A8178DD85F448785F9 Dr. Abraham Maslow, Founder Of Humanistic Psychology, Dies], New York Times
   (June 10, 1970). Retrieved September 26, 2010. “Dr. Abraham Maslow, professor of psychology at Brandeis University in Waltham, Mass., and founder of what has come to be known as humanistic psychology, died of a heart attack. He was 62 years old."
10. ↑ 1 2 Leontyev D. A.
    Modern psychology of motivation. Collection. - Meaning, 2002. - pp. 29-37.
11. [poznaisebya.com/psylib/books/masla01/txt04.htm Theory of human motivation] // Maslow A.
    Motivation and personality / trans. A. M. Tatlybaeva; terminological correction by V. Danchenko. - K.: PSYLIB, 2004. - Ch. 4.

Links

• [maslow.com/ Official Abraham Maslow Publications Site]
• [maslow.hpsy.ru/ Abraham Maslow] on the website [hpsy.ru Existential and humanistic psychology HPSY.ru]
• [flogiston.ru/library/maslow A. Maslow “The Theory of Human Motivation” (quoted from Maslow A. Motivation and Personality. St. Petersburg: Eurasia, 1999. P. 77-105 (abbreviated))]
• [workroom.com.ua/articles/post/74_Abraham-Maslou-i-teoriya-samoaktualizacii- Abraham Maslow and the theory of self-actualization] // [workroom.com.ua/about Workshop of a harmonious personality.] - 2010.

Maslow's pyramid on our body

Maslow's pyramid on our body.

Do you remember how human needs are graded? The lowest level of the pyramid is basic needs: hunger, thirst, sexual desire. Then there is the need for safety, respect, etc. And finally, the last three levels: cognitive, aesthetic and the need for self-actualization are combined into the concept of the need for self-expression.

We have no time for self-development if we don’t feel safe or hungry. There is an opinion that jewelry in a person’s life also reflects all seven levels of his motivational sphere.

✔️Decoration is survival. The first stage is physiological needs. Jewelry sometimes saved lives: even today a gold ring could be exchanged for food by taking it to a pawnshop. Examine your boxes - do they have a lot of currency for a rainy day? The abundance of such jewelry may indicate that you are worried and unsure of the future. What is really important to you now is not beauty, but the cost and liquidity of jewelry? Maybe it's time to change focus and move to higher levels of the pyramid?

✔️Decoration is safety. The need for a roof over your head, warmth, comfort. And here, too, jewelry can serve as a means of payment.

✔️Decoration is love. We need to love and be loved, to be part of some community, to have like-minded people. Watch yourself: what do you buy when you plan to go out - what do you like or what do you need to become “one of ...”?

✔️Decoration is recognition. A ring for a wedding, a brooch for the birth of a child, earrings for a coming of age.

✔️Decoration is knowledge. Do you wear jewelry consciously, putting a certain meaning into it... After all, everything in our choice is for a reason.

✔️Jewelry - aesthetics. We want harmony and beauty. Isn't decoration wonderful? Definitely! How much of your box gives you the pleasure of touching beauty? Maybe it's time to buy something that suits your current or desired condition? Or does a new dress require a different accessory?

✔️Decoration is self-realization. This is the highest level in the hierarchy of needs. Constant spiritual development, application of abilities, discovery of talents. Jewelry like this is as unique as the individuals who wear it.

Such an amazing gradation is given by psychologist Rimma Efimkina in her book “The Psychology of Jewelry.” Directly 100% match with the brand description of my products made from natural stones.

Vrublev Style - jewelry with a special meaning. A brand for those who consciously choose only exclusive, close, understandable and personal.

I've been at the last stage for a long time. And you?

Passage characterizing Maslow, Abraham Harold

One of his estates of three hundred peasant souls was transferred to free cultivators (this was one of the first examples in Russia); in others, corvee was replaced by quitrent. In Bogucharovo, a learned grandmother was written out to his account to help mothers in labor, and for a salary the priest taught the children of peasants and courtyard servants to read and write. Prince Andrei spent half of his time in Bald Mountains with his father and son, who was still with the nannies; the other half of the time in the Bogucharov monastery, as his father called his village. Despite the indifference he showed Pierre to all the external events of the world, he diligently followed them, received many books, and to his surprise he noticed when fresh people came to him or his father from St. Petersburg, from the very whirlpool of life, that these people, in knowledge of everything that is happening in foreign and domestic policy, they are far behind him, who sits in the village all the time. In addition to classes on names, in addition to general reading of a wide variety of books, Prince Andrei was at this time engaged in a critical analysis of our last two unfortunate campaigns and drawing up a project to change our military regulations and regulations. In the spring of 1809, Prince Andrei went to the Ryazan estates of his son, whom he was guardian. Warmed by the spring sun, he sat in the stroller, looking at the first grass, the first birch leaves and the first clouds of white spring clouds scattering across the bright blue sky. He didn’t think about anything, but looked around cheerfully and meaninglessly. We passed the carriage on which he had spoken with Pierre a year ago. We drove through a dirty village, threshing floors, greenery, a descent with remaining snow near the bridge, an ascent through washed-out clay, stripes of stubble and green bushes here and there, and entered a birch forest on both sides of the road. It was almost hot in the forest; you couldn’t hear the wind. The birch tree, all covered with green sticky leaves, did not move, and from under last year’s leaves, lifting them, the first green grass and purple flowers crawled out. The small spruce trees scattered here and there throughout the birch forest with their coarse, eternal greenness were an unpleasant reminder of winter. The horses snorted as they rode into the forest and began to fog up. The footman Peter said something to the coachman, the coachman answered in the affirmative. But apparently Peter had little sympathy for the coachman: he turned on the box to the master. - Your Excellency, how easy it is! – he said, smiling respectfully. - What! - Easy, your Excellency. "What he says?" thought Prince Andrei. “Yes, that’s right about spring,” he thought, looking around. And everything is already green... how soon! And the birch, and the bird cherry, and the alder are already starting... But the oak is not noticeable. Yes, here it is, the oak tree.” There was an oak tree on the edge of the road. Probably ten times older than the birches that made up the forest, it was ten times thicker and twice as tall as each birch. It was a huge oak tree, two girths wide, with branches that had been broken off for a long time and with broken bark overgrown with old sores. With his huge, clumsy, asymmetrically splayed, gnarled hands and fingers, he stood like an old, angry and contemptuous freak between the smiling birches. Only he alone did not want to submit to the charm of spring and did not want to see either spring or the sun. “Spring, and love, and happiness!” - as if this oak tree was saying, - “and how can you not get tired of the same stupid and senseless deception. Everything is the same, and everything is a lie! There is no spring, no sun, no happiness. Look, there are the crushed dead spruce trees sitting, always the same, and there I am, spreading out my broken, skinned fingers, wherever they grew - from the back, from the sides; As we grew up, I still stand, and I don’t believe your hopes and deceptions.” Prince Andrei looked back at this oak tree several times while driving through the forest, as if he was expecting something from it. There were flowers and grass under the oak tree, but he still stood in the midst of them, frowning, motionless, ugly and stubborn. “Yes, he is right, this oak tree is a thousand times right,” thought Prince Andrei, let others, young people, again succumb to this deception, but we know life - our life is over! A whole new series of hopeless, but sadly pleasant thoughts in connection with this oak tree arose in the soul of Prince Andrei. During this journey, he seemed to think over his whole life again, and came to the same old reassuring and hopeless conclusion that he did not need to start anything, that he should live out his life without doing evil, without worrying and without wanting anything. On guardianship matters of the Ryazan estate, Prince Andrei had to see the district leader. The leader was Count Ilya Andreich Rostov, and Prince Andrei went to see him in mid-May. It was already a hot period of spring. The forest was already completely dressed, there was dust and it was so hot that driving past the water, I wanted to swim. Prince Andrei, gloomy and preoccupied with considerations about what and what he needed to ask the leader about matters, drove up the garden alley to the Rostovs’ Otradnensky house. To the right, from behind the trees, he heard a woman's cheerful cry, and saw a crowd of girls running towards his stroller. Ahead of the others, a black-haired, very thin, strangely thin, black-eyed girl in a yellow cotton dress, tied with a white handkerchief, from under which strands of combed hair were escaping, ran up to the carriage. The girl screamed something, but recognizing the stranger, without looking at him, she ran back laughing. Prince Andrei suddenly felt pain from something. The day was so good, the sun was so bright, everything around was so cheerful; and this thin and pretty girl did not know and did not want to know about his existence and was content and happy with some kind of separate, certainly stupid, but cheerful and happy life. “Why is she so happy? what is she thinking about! Not about the military regulations, not about the structure of the Ryazan quitrents. What is she thinking about? And what makes her happy?” Prince Andrei involuntarily asked himself with curiosity. Count Ilya Andreich in 1809 lived in Otradnoye still as before, that is, hosting almost the entire province, with hunts, theaters, dinners and musicians. He, like any new guest, was glad to see Prince Andrei, and almost forcibly left him to spend the night. Throughout the boring day, during which Prince Andrei was occupied by the senior hosts and the most honorable of the guests, with whom the old count's house was full on the occasion of the approaching name day, Bolkonsky, looking several times at Natasha, who was laughing and having fun among the other young half of the company, kept asking himself: “What is she thinking about? Why is she so happy!” In the evening, left alone in a new place, he could not fall asleep for a long time. He read, then put out the candle and lit it again. It was hot in the room with the shutters closed from the inside. He was annoyed with this stupid old man (as he called Rostov), ​​who detained him, assuring him that the necessary papers in the city had not yet been delivered, and he was annoyed with himself for staying. Prince Andrei stood up and went to the window to open it. As soon as he opened the shutters, moonlight, as if he had been on guard at the window for a long time waiting for it, rushed into the room. He opened the window. The night was fresh and still bright. Just in front of the window there was a row of trimmed trees, black on one side and silvery lit on the other. Under the trees there was some kind of lush, wet, curly vegetation with silvery leaves and stems here and there. Further behind the black trees there was some kind of roof shining with dew, to the right a large curly tree, with a bright white trunk and branches, and above it was an almost full moon in a bright, almost starless spring sky. Prince Andrei leaned his elbows on the window and his eyes stopped at this sky. Prince Andrei's room was on the middle floor; They also lived in the rooms above it and did not sleep. He heard a woman talking from above. “Just one more time,” said a female voice from above, which Prince Andrei now recognized. - When will you sleep? - answered another voice. - I won’t, I can’t sleep, what should I do! Well, the last time... Two female voices sang some kind of musical phrase that constituted the end of something. - Oh, how lovely! Well, now sleep, and that's the end. “You sleep, but I can’t,” answered the first voice approaching the window. She apparently leaned out of the window completely, because the rustling of her dress and even her breathing could be heard. Everything became quiet and petrified, like the moon and its light and shadows. Prince Andrei was also afraid to move, so as not to betray his involuntary presence. - Sonya! Sonya! – the first voice was heard again. - Well, how can you sleep! Look what a beauty it is! Oh, how lovely! “Wake up, Sonya,” she said almost with tears in her voice. - After all, such a lovely night has never, never happened. Sonya reluctantly answered something. - No, look what a moon it is!... Oh, how lovely! Come here. Darling, my dear, come here. Well, do you see? So I would squat down, like this, I would grab myself under the knees - tighter, as tight as possible - you have to strain. Like this! - Come on, you'll fall. There was a struggle and Sonya’s dissatisfied voice: “It’s two o’clock.” - Oh, you're just ruining everything for me. Well, go, go. Again everything fell silent, but Prince Andrei knew that she was still sitting here, he sometimes heard quiet movements, sometimes sighs. - Oh my god! My God! what is this! – she suddenly screamed. - Sleep like that! – and slammed the window. “And they don’t care about my existence!” thought Prince Andrei as he listened to her conversation, for some reason expecting and fearing that she would say something about him. - “And there she is again! And how on purpose!” he thought. In his soul suddenly arose such an unexpected confusion of young thoughts and hopes, contradicting his whole life, that he, feeling unable to understand his condition, immediately fell asleep. The next day, having said goodbye to only one count, without waiting for the ladies to leave, Prince Andrei went home. It was already the beginning of June when Prince Andrei, returning home, again drove into that birch grove in which this old, gnarled oak had struck him so strangely and memorably. The bells rang even more muffled in the forest than a month and a half ago; everything was full, shady and dense; and the young spruces, scattered throughout the forest, did not disturb the overall beauty and, imitating the general character, were tenderly green with fluffy young shoots. It was hot all day, a thunderstorm was gathering somewhere, but only a small cloud splashed on the dust of the road and on the succulent leaves. The left side of the forest was dark, in shadow; the right one, wet and glossy, glistened in the sun, slightly swaying in the wind. Everything was in bloom; the nightingales chattered and rolled, now close, now far away. “Yes, here, in this forest, there was this oak tree with which we agreed,” thought Prince Andrei. “Where is he,” Prince Andrei thought again, looking at the left side of the road and without knowing it, without recognizing him, he admired the oak tree that he was looking for. The old oak tree, completely transformed, spread out like a tent of lush, dark greenery, swayed slightly, swaying slightly in the rays of the evening sun. No gnarled fingers, no sores, no old mistrust and grief - nothing was visible. Juicy, young leaves broke through the tough, hundred-year-old bark without knots, so it was impossible to believe that this old man had produced them. “Yes, this is that same oak tree,” thought Prince Andrei, and suddenly an unreasonable, spring feeling of joy and renewal came over him. All the best moments of his life suddenly came back to him at the same time. And Austerlitz with the high sky, and the dead, reproachful face of his wife, and Pierre on the ferry, and the girl excited by the beauty of the night, and this night, and the moon - and all this suddenly came to his mind. “No, life is not over at the age of 31, Prince Andrei suddenly finally, permanently decided. Not only do I know everything that is in me, it is necessary for everyone to know it: both Pierre and this girl who wanted to fly into the sky, it is necessary for everyone to know me, so that my life does not go on for me alone So that they don’t live so independently of my life, so that it affects everyone and so that they all live with me!” Returning from his trip, Prince Andrei decided to go to St. Petersburg in the fall and came up with various reasons for this decision. A whole series of reasonable, logical arguments why he needed to go to St. Petersburg and even serve were ready at his service every minute. Even now he did not understand how he could ever doubt the need to take an active part in life, just as a month ago he did not understand how the thought of leaving the village could have occurred to him. It seemed clear to him that all his experiences in life would have been in vain and would have been meaningless if he had not applied them to action and taken an active part in life again. He did not even understand how, on the basis of the same poor reasonable arguments, it had previously been obvious that he would have humiliated himself if now, after his life lessons, he again believed in the possibility of being useful and in the possibility of happiness and love. Now my mind suggested something completely different. After this trip, Prince Andrei began to get bored in the village, his previous activities did not interest him, and often, sitting alone in his office, he got up, went to the mirror and looked at his face for a long time. Then he turned away and looked at the portrait of the deceased Lisa, who, with her curls whipped up a la grecque [in Greek], tenderly and cheerfully looked at him from the golden frame. She no longer spoke the same terrible words to her husband; she simply and cheerfully looked at him with curiosity. And Prince Andrei, clasping his hands back, walked around the room for a long time, now frowning, now smiling, reconsidering those unreasonable, inexpressible in words, secret as a crime thoughts associated with Pierre, with fame, with the girl on the window, with the oak tree, with female beauty and love that changed his whole life. And at these moments, when someone came to him, he was especially dry, strictly decisive and especially unpleasantly logical.

Scientist career

Maslow showed great success in his work, and already in 1930 he became a bachelor. And four years later he became a Doctor of Science.

The young scientist dreamed of continuing his research and wanted to do science. So he went to New York, which at that time was a real center of science. Scientists who were persecuted by the Nazis flocked there, and the city was home to many of the great minds of our time.

It was during that period that Maslow met such celebrities as Alfred Adler, Eric Fromm, Karen Horney. Most of all, he had the opportunity to communicate with Max Wertheimer, one of the creators of Gestalt psychology, and Ruth Benedict, a remarkable specialist in cultural anthropology.

In New York, Abraham went for tests at Columbia University, with psychologist Edward Thorndike. He had a special test to test the mental abilities of applicants, and the young scientist passed it simply brilliantly - this had never happened before. Of course, Thorndike was glad to take such a specialist as his assistant.

And soon Maslow began working as a teacher at Brooklyn College. He worked at this educational institution for fourteen years and received a wealth of material for his scientific works.

During his student years, the future scientist studied behaviorism, and he remained with this interest throughout his life. When he became acquainted with the works of Freud, he agreed that he paid special attention to sexuality. And so he devoted his dissertation to sexual behavior in primates. And having received a specialized education and a scientific degree, he devoted part of his time to researching human sexual behavior. And he believed that if everyone understood the influence of sexuality on their lives, life would become easier.

When World War II began, the scientist realized that psychology was powerless when it came to international conflicts. Then all his attention turned to social and personal psychology. He decided to study the problem of conducting negotiations and directing them in a peaceful direction.

Whatever the scientist did, he translated everything into the field of research. So, one day he became very ill and had to leave his job. At this time, he helped his father in his work - making barrels. At this time, he made brilliant conclusions about production management that are still used today.

In 1951, Maslow began working at Brandeis University. He was invited as the head of the department of the first psychological faculty. It is recorded in the history of the university that he made great contributions to the development of the entire university.

The scientist died of a myocardial infarction when he was sixty-two years old.