Concept
In sources of psychological literature, when using the concept of memory, processes that are controlled by our psyche are mainly mentioned.
Among them:
- imprint;
- preservation;
- recognition;
- playback
Memory as a process combines this sequential list. This means that memory is the process of capturing information , storing it for the purpose of recognizing it in the future, and also reproducing it.
It can be compared to photographic equipment , the task of which is to capture any moment or event in a photograph.
The camera takes an image, passes it through its mechanisms, captures it and displays it on the screen. This is how we save important moments in life in the form of pictures.
This emphasizes the importance of this phenomenon, since without preserving the experience of the past in memory, we will not be able to build a correct future.
German researcher Hermann Ebbinghaus studied another process - forgetting. However, it does not apply to the memorization process itself.
Memory. Laws of memory. creative work of students on the topic
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Memory
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Memory is one of the mental functions and types of mental activity designed to preserve, accumulate and reproduce information. The ability to store information about events in the outside world for a long time.
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There are 4 memory processes: Memorization is a memory process through which traces are imprinted, new elements of sensations, perceptions, thoughts or experiences are introduced into the system of associative connections.
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Storage is the process of accumulating material in the memory structure, including its processing and assimilation. Preserving experience provides an opportunity for a person to learn, develop his thinking and speech. Reproduction and recognition is the process of updating elements of past experience (images, thoughts, feelings, movements). Reproduction can be voluntary or involuntary. With involuntary, the image emerges in consciousness without a person’s effort.
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Forgetting is the loss of the ability to reproduce, and sometimes even recognize, what was previously remembered.
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Memory properties Accuracy Volume Speed of memorization processes Speed of reproduction processes Speed of forgetting processes
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Types of memory according to time criterion Short-term Long-term Operational Intermediate
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So, let's test our memory!☺
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1. How many phone numbers do you store in your head? Several – those that I use all the time – 2. Not a single one, sometimes I even forget mine – 1. I didn’t count exactly, but a lot – 3. 2. Does it happen that you can’t remember what you wanted to talk to a person about? It happens if they interrupt me – 1. Never, it annoys me in others too – 3. It happens if it’s something unimportant – 2. 3. Can you remember any favorite clothes from your preschool childhood? Of course, and not just one – 3. No, if only from the photo – 1. With difficulty, but I remember the toys – 2.
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4. Can you forget about an important meeting? I suffer from this from time to time - 1. It has happened a few times when I forgot to write it down - 2. Not if it is scheduled for the foreseeable future - 3. 5. Do you often come home from the store without the purchase you need? I’m insured - I go through all the departments - 2. No, I remember exactly what I need - 3. Yes, if there are more than three purchases I need - 1. 6. Can you accurately reproduce what you did three days ago? Yes, if something outstanding happened - 2. Only in general terms - 1. I think so - 3.
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7. Do you remember the words of children's or drinking songs? I don’t remember, because I never knew - 1. No more than a couple of verses and a chorus - 2. I remember and sing - 3. 8. Do you remember the name of an old friend with whom you haven’t spoken for many years? Yes, if we were close before – 2. No, this is a problem for me – 1. If we communicated, I will definitely remember – 3. 9. Do you forget about the birthdays of your family and friends? No, but this is the merit of the notebook - 2. Yes, they don’t even take offense at me anymore - 1. No, I even remember how old someone is - 3.
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You scored: 16 points or less You are distinguished not only by a lack of memory, but also by absent-minded attention. You can, of course, be touched by this, but living with such a “set” is difficult. It is possible that you simply lack self-organization and a primitive weekly journal would make your life much easier. But it’s better to start paying attention to memory development, solving puzzles and crosswords, learning poetry and foreign languages. From 17 to 23 points Your memory is quite mediocre. Perhaps the problem is the large amount of information that fills your head, but it is not always possible to retrieve the required “file”. Therefore, unload your head by using modern means of reminders: at work - a computer, electronic notebooks, at home - a mobile phone, timers and an alarm clock. 24 or more points Memory and attention are your strong point. Perhaps this is a natural quality, but you still shouldn’t “overload”. Psychologists say that people who never forget anything live in a state of constant tension and feel the burden of anxiety and external prohibitions. And besides, they often deprive themselves of the joy of creativity and discovery.
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Techniques for effective memorization When information is difficult to remember, difficult to organize, when you are limited in time, special techniques for quick memorization come to the rescue. Once you master these principles, you will be able to remember any information you need in the most effective way for you. What is the basis of any effective memorization?
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Desire In order to remember information, you need to want to do it: have a clear and conscious intention, set the task to remember
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Awareness Why you will need the memorized information, how and when you will use it.
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Making connections In order to remember information, you need to make connections with knowledge or experience you already have.
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Vivid impressions If you want memorization to happen faster and traces to be stored as long as possible, you should try to make any information so that it looks like a vivid impression.
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Good attention Without attention there is no remembering. 80% of failures in memorization have to do with insufficient attention. Therefore, it is necessary, firstly, to develop the skills of concentrating attention, and secondly, not to forget to turn it on in time.
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Everyone can remember, but in order to remember well, you need to know about some laws of memory. Just knowing the laws, without mastering special techniques for effective memorization, will significantly improve your results. .
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☼ Thank you for your attention!☼
Laws and patterns
The laws and patterns of memory suggest rules by which the memorization process can be facilitated .
Thus, Arthur Dumchev, a modern Russian specialist in the field of memory, in his book “Remember Everything” identifies 12 laws of memory:
- The Law of Setting: calls for setting a goal to remember, perhaps even setting boundaries in the form of deadlines.
- Law of vivid impressions : associations caused by emotions allow you to remember an important event much more vividly, especially if the emotions are positive.
- Law of interest : all the most interesting things are imprinted in a person’s memory for a long time.
- Law of comprehension : memorization occurs more easily if a person perceives the meaning, the essence of the material.
- Law of Retroactive Inhibition : This simple term advises taking breaks in the processes of memorization, since this aspect of human capabilities is also characterized by the annoyingness of large amounts of information.
- The law of proactive inhibition: similar to the previous one, alternating tasks saves you from an overabundance of memorized material.
- Law of Action : An ancient Chinese proverb attributed to Confucius states: “Tell me and I will forget, show me and I will remember, let me do and I will learn.”
- Law of Prior Knowledge : The memorization process is based on experience in a certain area, the memorized information is associated with the stored material.
- Law of repetition : “...the more often information is repeated, the easier it is to assimilate...” the author writes about this law, repeating this phrase three times.
- The law of simultaneous impressions: pay attention to what memories the smell of something evokes in you, the music you heard several months ago (remember where you listened to it, what your mood was).
- Law of edge: most often the first and last are remembered.
- The law of incompleteness: an unfinished phrase settles more firmly in memory.
Also, the patterns of memory in the psychological literature are usually associated with types of memorization: involuntary and voluntary.
If this concerns involuntary memorization , then such natural conditions often appear unexpectedly and abruptly, which makes it possible to firmly remember the event associated with them.
This, for example, could be a loud, sharp sound, an unexpected change in action, a suddenly turned on bright light and other irritants.
In the second type of memorization, a person sets himself to remember certain information.
The patterns of this type of memorization are based on:
- understanding the meaning of information, achieving its core, essence;
- creating an information structure;
- presentation of this information in an integral system consisting of elements - its integral part;
- drawing up plans, diagrams, tables, clusters, graphs;
- compiling a supporting summary containing more memorable keywords;
- the use of mnemonics, or mnemonics, - special techniques that facilitate memorization.
The last point is very diverse and may arouse interest. When used correctly, the memorization process becomes like a game, which is useful, for example, for children.
Among the number of mnemonic techniques, the most effective are:
- Association method (for example, to remember people’s names, you need to make similar words with them - “Lyuba - loves”, “Zhenya - gets married”, etc.)
- Creating an image of memorized information (to make it easier to remember how to spell a vocabulary word correctly, imagine it written on a road sign, a sign of a supermarket that we go to every day).
- Chain method (to remember the list of products needed for shopping in a store, we imagine them interacting in pairs: “milk and bread” - in our minds we see how the bread falls into the milk and drowns in it).
- “Language of numbers” (to remember, for example, the year 1984, we assign a symbol to each number: 1 - needle, 9 - snake, 8 - hourglass, 4 - stop with a roof).
How to erase your memory of a person? Read about it here.
Memory and representation
Representation is the reproduced images of objects and phenomena perceived by a person in his past experience. Representations reflect objects and phenomena that were previously perceived by a person, but at a given moment in time no longer affect him. Just like perceptions, ideas are visual and figurative in nature, but, unlike the latter, they are less clear and distinct in their shapes, colors, and sizes. A characteristic feature of representations is also their inconstancy, variability of shape, color, and size of the represented objects.
Try to imagine an object, such as an airplane. The presented image of the aircraft will reflect the features of its shape, size, color, but they remain significantly less clear, distinct and stable compared to the direct perception of the aircraft or its image.
The physiological basis of ideas is the revival of the “traces” of those excitations that arose in the cerebral cortex during perception. A representation can be caused not only by direct (objective) stimuli, but also by a word denoting it. This means that ideas arise as a result of the activity of both the first signaling system (direct stimuli) and the second signaling system (verbal stimuli). Nevertheless, the representations themselves are predominantly of a first-signal, visual-figurative nature.
There are single and generalized representations. With single representations, an image of a specific object appears with features and details characteristic of this particular object. Generalized representations reflect common features that are characteristic of objects of this kind, for example, the unifying features that are common to all airplanes or high-rise buildings or trees.
Memory retrieval processes are closely related to representation processes. Often, representations of a particular object or phenomenon greatly facilitate the process of reproduction. Thus, artists draw, reproduce paintings “from memory”, using ideas. Writers, when describing their characters, often use their own ideas about people they know. When answering questions on geography, a student can significantly improve the reproduction of previously learned material when using representations of a geographic map, etc.
Impairments in the ability to imagine previously perceived objects and phenomena are observed with damage to the parieto-occipital areas of the brain. Patients cannot imagine the appearance of animals, household items, familiar people, etc. When presented with images of objects, these patients usually correctly recognize most of the objects. But if you remove the drawing and ask the patient to imagine the object that he just saw, the patient experiences difficulty. When trying to imagine, for example, the appearance of an elephant, patients say: “I can’t... nothing arises in my head.” Such patients therefore cannot say anything about the characteristic features of the elephant (presence of a trunk, size, etc.). They experience similar difficulties when representing other animal plants. It is very difficult for these patients to imagine the color of grass, lemon, or rose. Often they are not at all able to answer the question of what color these plants and fruits are.
The described disorders of visual representations were called Charcot-Wilbrandt agnosia, named after the authors who first observed patients with disorders of this kind.
