Panic
Before trying to define the essence of panic and explain this phenomenon, it is necessary to describe and accurately establish the phenomenon itself. It is necessary to know what phenomenon in the life of an individual or mass is called panic, what are its purely descriptive features, what are the changes in the mental life of the mass or individual that occur during panic.
Panic (from the Greek panikon - unaccountable horror), a psychological state caused by the threatening influence of external conditions, and expressed in a feeling of acute fear that grips a person or group of people, an uncontrollable and uncontrollable desire to avoid a dangerous situation.
Panic is an extreme, uncontrollable fear that immediately grips a person or many people.
Panic states are very often caused by neurotic fears, that is, those that are inadequate to the objective danger and are, rather, signs of internal troubles.
Individual panic. This term is not used in relation to specifically defined cases. In one case, according to an old myth, it denotes an unaccountable fear in anticipation of an unknown danger, which covers, say, a traveler lost in the mountains or forest. In another case, the term denotes fear caused by an imaginary cause; for example, when, in anticipation of danger, a person mistakes the rustling of leaves for the noise of footsteps and runs away, i.e. in such cases, the strength of fear is not justified by the reason that caused it. This term also denotes strong horror - boundless fear that takes possession of an individual.
Mass panic. Mass panic means panic that takes hold of a large mass of people (crowd, military unit, etc.).
Mass panic is one of the types of crowd behavior. Psychologically, it is characterized by a state of mass fear of real or imaginary danger, which grows in the process of mutual infection and blocks the ability to rationally assess the situation, mobilize volitional resources and organize joint resistance.
It was possible to identify four sets of factors (otherwise they are also called conditions or prerequisites) for the transformation of a more or less organized group into a panicked crowd.
Factors contributing to panic
The following factors contribute to the emergence of panic:
1. Social factors - general tension in society caused by past or expected natural, economic, and political disasters. This could be an earthquake, a flood, a sharp change in the exchange rate, a coup d'etat, the start or failure of a war, etc. Sometimes tension is caused by the memory of a tragedy and (or) a premonition of an impending tragedy, the approach of which is felt by preliminary signs.
2. Physiological factors: fatigue, hunger, prolonged insomnia, alcohol and drug intoxication reduce the level of individual self-control, which is fraught with especially dangerous consequences in large crowds. Thus, typical mistakes when organizing rallies, demonstrations and mass spectacles are delaying the process, as well as the indifference of the organizers to the sale and consumption of alcoholic beverages by participants. In conditions of social tension, heat or cold, etc., this increases the likelihood of panic, as well as other unwanted transformations of the crowd.
3. General psychological factors - surprise, surprise, fear, caused by a lack of information about possible dangers and methods of counteraction.
4. Socio-psychological and ideological factors: lack of a clear and highly significant common goal, effective leaders who enjoy general trust and, accordingly, a low level of group cohesion.
One of the decisive factors is the presence of rumors that excite and stimulate panic, for example, “warming up” the upcoming danger or the degree of its negative consequences (this often happened in radioactively contaminated areas after the Chernobyl disaster).
The personal qualities of people also turn out to be fundamental, especially the presence of a predisposition to panic among the so-called alarmists. A very important condition for the occurrence of panic is the proportion of such people in a large group. It is known that sometimes 1% of people panicking is enough for the entire large group of people to panic.
The structure and dynamics of human needs are such that people can, having lost their will and dignity, fall into an animal state. And the same people, when highly significant goals appear, are capable of literally fighting to the death, lying under tanks and throwing themselves into the fire. At the same time, the external assessment of their actions in an extreme situation as heroic, criminal or simply stupid strongly depends on how much the observer’s own values are consistent with the value coordinates of the observed action.
Causes and classification
The psychological reasons for the phenomenon we are considering are very diverse, but by and large they can be divided into three categories:
- Psychological.
- Social.
- Physiological.
The first usually includes sudden unbridled fear, great uncertainty, shock and the realization that the majority are powerless in the face of what is happening.
The second is distrust of management, as well as lack or excess of information about the ongoing event. The third group includes fatigue, drug or alcohol intoxication, hunger, insomnia, etc. Panic can be classified according to several criteria. For example, depending on the scale, it can be individual, mass and group. By depth of coverage – light, medium and full.
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An example of mild panic is the stop that a car driver experiences when he hears someone else honking at him. He can almost completely control the situation, is aware of what is happening, but is still subject to anxiety for some short period of time.
Medium panic is, for example, when people start buying goods in stores because of rumors. It is enough to recall the relatively recent events of 2012 - in Russia at that time candles were bought up in all retail outlets. And a panic attack, which can be called complete, is a blackout and incapacity in the event of a mortal danger.
Depending on the duration, panic attacks can be short-term (up to several minutes), long-term (up to 2-5 days) and protracted (up to several weeks or even, in the worst case, years). An example of the first case could be loss of control of a car, the second - an earthquake, and the third - the siege of Leningrad.
The psychology of panic is such that people at these moments have certain behavioral characteristics: they perceive the situation inadequately, try to run away, behave chaotically, cease to be disciplined, begin to seek calm in medications or alcohol, want to get more information and in this impulse believe rumors.
Development of panic
Mechanisms of panic development. Observations and descriptions of numerous episodes of collective panic made it possible to isolate a certain “average” scenario. A shocking stimulus, very strong or repeated, causes fear initially in one or more people. In a crowd, women or children usually have the minimum threshold of excitability, and in a combat situation, young and inexperienced soldiers who are not battle-hardened. Their fear is manifested by screams - monosyllabic phrases (“Fire!” “Tanks!”) or interjections, facial expressions and fussy body movements.
These people become the source from which fear is transmitted to others. There is a mutual induction and build-up of emotional tension through the mechanism of a circular reaction. Further, if timely measures are not taken, the mass finally degrades, people lose self-control, and a stampede begins, which seems to be life-saving, although in reality it only aggravates the danger.
The presence of women and children in the crowd (nobody thinks about priority rescue during mass panic) is also bad because high-frequency sound - women's or children's screams - in a stressful situation has a destructive effect on the psyche. For the same reason, by the way, to counteract panic, collective or individual, a low male voice is better than a high female one. On the contrary, the screeching of the attacking Kalmyk cavalry is probably more conducive to provoking panic among the enemy than the courageous “Hurray! ".
I will give a number of additional comments that make adjustments to the “average” scenario.
In very rare cases, when the shocking stimulus is unusually strong, mass panic can occur immediately, without intermediate stages. That is, the crowd, as it were, becomes a simple sum of individuals frightened to death, but here a completely different mechanism is already at work. In these, I repeat, extremely rare cases, panic ceases to be a “secondary” phenomenon and becomes a direct, almost mechanical reaction to a stimulus. Judging by the descriptions, this is exactly what happened in Hiroshima among those who were close to the site of the nuclear explosion, but were not immediately covered by its wave.
The opposite situation is much more typical and practically more important. When people expect some terrible event, the means of avoiding which are unknown, the stimulus for panic can be the verbal designation of the expected event. Or some other sign, drawn by the imagination to the expected source of fear.
Immediately after a shocking stimulus, a so-called psychological moment usually occurs. People seem to be in a suspended state (“stunned”) and are ready to follow the first reaction. Sometimes it turns out to be paradoxical. For example, according to the Freudian mechanism of the opposite reaction, a person can rush towards danger out of fear, and others follow him.
As panic develops, it goes through several phases. žPanic begins with the appearance of a shocking stimulus. It causes shock and perception of the situation as a crisis. žA state of confusion arises, i.e. individual and disordered attempts to interpret an event in terms of personal experience or by recalling similar situations from vicarious experience. The urgent need to quickly interpret a stimulus and take immediate action often interferes with the logical understanding of a crisis situation and causes fear. A circular reaction begins: the fear of some is reflected by others and, in turn, increases the fear of the first. Fear leads to decreased confidence in the ability of those present to collectively confront a crisis situation and creates a feeling of doom. Disbelief in the possibility of collective organized salvation causes a desire to be saved individually.
Psychological characteristics of people in conditions of panic
One of the tasks of a classic study devoted to the study of mass panic in the United States in 1938, caused by the radio play “Invasion from Mars,” was devoted to the issues of psychological characteristics of people in conditions of panic. About 1 million Americans perceived this radio broadcast as a report from the scene. As a result of the study, four groups of people were identified who succumbed to panic to varying degrees. The first group consisted of those who experienced a slight feeling of fear, but doubted the reality of such events and, after thinking, independently came to the conclusion that the Martian invasion was impossible. The second group included those who, in a state of fear, could not independently draw conclusions from the situation, so they tried to check the reality of these events with the help of others (they turned to neighbors, acquaintances, on the radio, etc., and only after that they came to a negative conclusion ). The third group included those who, having experienced a strong feeling of fear, could not be convinced of the unreality of what was happening with the help of others, and therefore remained with their first impression of the complete reality of the Martian invasion. And the fourth group consisted of those who immediately panicked, without even trying to find out, clarify or check anything.
The occurrence of a panic state turned out to be associated with a number of characteristics of people, especially important among which are socio-demographic characteristics. A high level of education and awareness of cosmic phenomena slowed down the development of panic events. Reverse characteristics, i.e. low levels of education and awareness contributed to people's panic. Another important indicator was property status: people from poor families with a low level of material well-being were more likely to panic. At the same time, it was not the status itself that had an influence, but the general feelings of anxiety and uncertainty, which constitute the psychological readiness of this class of people for a panicky perception of events. Gender and age characteristics were also important: women and children experienced stronger fear and were much more likely to panic. Along with socio-demographic characteristics, a significant role is played by the psychological properties of the individual, especially such as: uncritical thinking, pronounced personal anxiety and increased suggestibility - qualities that predispose to the occurrence of panic states.
Measures to prevent mass panic
Measures to prevent mass panic are related to taking into account its prerequisites (factors). If we are talking about an established group aimed at working in stressful situations (a political party or a combat unit, a scientific expedition or a rescue team, etc.), then, first of all, attention should be paid to ideological and organizational preparation for possible dangers, ensuring effective leadership and developing highly trusted leaders. I repeat that in the absence of spiritual and psychological prerequisites for panic, the team is able to meet the most severe trials with dignity. But such preparation is not always possible in principle, for example, during mass street events where many more or less random people participate. In such situations, taking into account physiological and general psychological factors becomes especially important. Previously, typical mistakes were pointed out, consisting of delaying events and indifference to the physical condition of the participants (fatigue, alcohol intoxication, etc.). When there is high social tension, uncomfortable climatic conditions or an ambiguous weather forecast, you need to think about the dynamism of the rally or demonstration in order to minimize people's fatigue and associated surprises. The security service is recommended to prevent drunk people and alcoholic beverages from entering the ranks of demonstrators, anticipating the possibility of irrational reactions, especially in the event of possible provocations. As noted, it is advisable to avoid coincidence in time with other spectacular events in the city (football match, carnival, etc.). Otherwise, it is possible, on the one hand, to switch attention, “draw over” a significant part of the crowd and turn it into occasional or expressive (but not when this is planned by the organizers). On the other hand, the likelihood of crowd clashes (for example, a political demonstration colliding with excited fans leaving the stadium) is fraught with difficult to predict consequences. It is extremely important to take into account the general psychological factor of panic: first of all, timely informing people about possible dangers and available methods of counteraction. The latter concerns the prevention of both collective and individual panic. Organizers often avoid warning about possible dangers, citing the fact that some participants in the demonstration (rally, etc.) will leave its ranks. But, firstly, a lot here depends on the form of presentation of information - with an emphasis on threats or on methods of counteraction. Secondly, the question is whether, in the pursuit of mass popularity, it is worth increasing the likelihood of subsequent panic, putting at risk the mental state, health, and sometimes even the lives of people.
As a rule, the real danger is inversely proportional to awareness, or rather, operational readiness for it. In 1970, when Chile was undergoing a very bitter and dramatic election campaign, right-wing militants came up with an effective way to crush left-wing demonstrations. Imagine a column of thousands of S. Allende’s supporters marching, led by popular political leaders. When the head of the column passes the next intersection, a group of guys armed with clubs and brass knuckles, numbering about forty people, jumps out from around the corner. They cut off the leaders (“the head”) from the rest of the mass and energetically crash into the crowd, delivering blows. The security guards of the demonstration do not have time to get their bearings and engage in battle in a timely manner; the rear rows do not see or understand; what happened, but the fear of the first rows was transmitted to them - and five minutes later thousands of people, knocking over each other, ran in all directions. (No casualties due to the fact that, thank God, the street is wide and there are many exits from it). But Maslenitsa is not the age of the cat. After two or three failures, the leftists found a counterplay, and it turned out to be surprisingly simple. As the column approached each intersection, security guys lined up on the sides, locking elbows. Or two long trucks were moving parallel to the demonstrators, next to the front rows. It was possible to come up with other techniques, the main circumstance was that the demonstrators were now armed with knowledge of possible danger and were psychologically ready to resist it.
But Maslenitsa is not the age of the cat. After two or three failures, the leftists found a counterplay, and it turned out to be surprisingly simple. As the column approached each intersection, security guys lined up on the sides, locking elbows. Or two long trucks were moving parallel to the demonstrators, next to the front rows. It was possible to come up with other techniques, the main circumstance was that the demonstrators were now armed with knowledge of possible danger and were psychologically ready to resist it.
Another method that has been tested many times is the collective singing of a well-known rhythmic song. Earlier it was said that the active crowd is arrhythmic and therefore the rhythmic sound stimulates its transformation into an expressive one or, in this case, prevents the transformation of an expressive crowd into an active (panic) one. But if fast rhythms are used to block mass aggression, then the slower measured rhythm of a march or anthem serves as a factor in counteracting panic. This rhythm can play a positive role even after panic has already begun. In all cases, of course, it is desirable to have appropriate music and speakers, but even in the absence of them you should not lose your head.
Here is a textbook case from the pre-war life of Europe. In 1938, a small fire broke out in the stands of the Paris National Velodrome at the end of the competition. The employees managed to quickly contain the fire, but already ten thousand spectators moved with excessive energy towards the only exit. The situation threatened to become deadly. By luck, there were two psychologists in the crowd who were able to find their bearings in time and began loudly chanting: “Ne-pousse-pas!” (Don't-push-pa - Don't-push-kay). The rhythm was picked up by those around him, and it went through the crowd like a wave. A few minutes later, thousands of people chanted this phrase in unison. The crowd turned expressive, fear and fuss gave way to general enthusiasm, and everyone safely left the stands.
In the run-up to and early stages of panic, humor can be used very productively. I know of vivid cases in different countries when a well-timed joke relieved panic, and the performance of a popular comedian decisively changed the mood of the masses. This often involves wordplay and other linguistic ambiguities that are difficult to convey in another language. Therefore, I will give only one example from recent Russian history. On August 20, 1991, at the most tense moment near the White House, when they were expecting an assault, almost with the participation of tanks, the most popular satirist Gennady Khazanov appeared “alive” before those gathered. Imitating the voice of M. S. Gorbachev, who was still in Foros, he slowly said: “Politics cannot be done with dirty, shaking hands...”. This was a paraphrase of a well-known motif that was often heard in the speeches of the President of the USSR (about dirty hands in politics) - it was supplemented by a mention of the shaking hands of the self-proclaimed chairman of the State Committee for State Human Rights, shown on television the day before. The speech of Khazanov - “Gorbachev” was met with general laughter of relief and stormy applause. Many of the participants in the event consider that moment to be a psychological turning point in the epic of the failed coup...
When discussing ways to eliminate panic that has arisen, it is useful to remember what was said earlier about the psychological aspect. There are known methods for returning this moment, which, I repeat, is the most suitable for the beginning of effective leadership.
For example, habitual stimulation is used. People are accustomed to standing motionless during the playing of the national anthem, and this conditioned reflex can be actualized when the first acts are played loudly.
Another technique is to use a stronger shock. For example, a shot in a closed room can produce a new “shock”; people freeze for a second - and become available for organizing influence.
During a battle, in the noise of cannonade, a shot is unlikely to produce the desired effect. It could be replaced by sudden point-blank shooting at one's own fleeing soldiers. From the literature, however, there are known amazing cases of stopping panic on the battlefield with an unexpected order. The division commander saw that one of his regiments fled in horror from a non-existent enemy. Standing in the way of those fleeing, he loudly shouted: “Stop! Take off your boots! The shout actually had an effect. The soldiers began to take off their boots, their attention was switched from the mythical danger to a specific action, after which they managed to bring the regiment into a combat-ready state.
An even more ingenious decision was made by Napoleonic Marshal M. Ney. When his troops fled the battlefield in panic, he sent his adjutants to convey the order that the soldiers must run exactly 10 kilometers without stopping. Upon receiving such an order, the troops ran about another 3 kilometers, then stopped, came to their senses, and restored their state of combat readiness.
The last case is extremely instructive, psychologically interesting and deserves special analysis. Here we will limit ourselves to a short comment. The anti-volitional actions of the soldiers were skillfully returned to the subjective quality of arbitrary planning, and this turned out to be a sobering factor. This technique is also well applicable in “extraordinary” situations of peaceful life.
Of course, all these techniques presuppose the presence of people who have not succumbed to the general condition and are ready to take leadership upon themselves, and if there are none, then there is nothing to talk about. Therefore, when organizing mass events correctly, in addition to the security service, a specially trained team works. She is located away from the masses, not taking part in general actions in order to avoid emotional whirling, and is armed not with clubs, brass knuckles and other weapons of street fighting, but with music records, speakers and megaphones. And most importantly, knowledge, experience and intuition, which is the daughter of information.
PSYCHOLOGY OF LIFE +
Panic is a person’s attempt to take some action to save him, but a complete inadequacy in assessing the situation, paralysis of logic and, as a result, choosing the wrong action.
Panic is scary precisely because the person experiencing panic strives for action, but the actions are thoughtless, which can only aggravate the situation.
Another disadvantage of panic is that it spreads like a chain reaction. One panicker is capable of making other people panic through his behavior, who without him would not have guessed to succumb to emotions. The worst thing is that when panic gripped the majority of people, even the most sober-minded people can panic. Therefore, alarmists are dangerous in society. Alarmists can be both mentally ill people and sowers of evil (they obviously know what they are doing; otherwise, they are provocateurs who whip up panic).
In this article we will talk about those whose panic is a psychological phenomenon.
A panic attack or panic attack is a feeling of unreasonable fear and severe anxiety, accompanied by a number of somatic symptoms. A person suffering from this disorder suddenly feels a wave of crippling fear cover him, although nothing terrible is happening around him.
About 5% of the world's population suffers from panic attacks. These are mainly people between the ages of 20 and 30, with women being more susceptible to this disorder.
The greatest harm to life and health is caused not so much by panic attacks, but by the lack of widespread public awareness of this problem.
Panic attacks: symptoms
The main and unmistakable symptom of a panic attack is fear. It can be either pronounced (fear of dying, falling from a height) or outwardly causeless.
At the same time, the following physical signs may also appear: - Shortness of breath or hyperventilation of the lungs - Dizziness - Nausea - Feeling of unreality of what is happening - Tachycardia - Chills, trembling, tremor - Sweating - Muscle tension A panic attack can happen anywhere and at any time, but most often it occurs in uncomfortable situations.
Panic attacks: causes and diagnosis
In fact, a panic attack is our body's defense mechanism. When we find ourselves in danger, a portion of adrenaline is released into the blood and the body is put on high alert.
Panic disorder begins when this mechanism is disrupted. There are a number of reasons that cause a panic attack: Causeless - occur for no apparent reason. Situational – caused by stressful situations. Conditional-situational - provoked by chemical catalysts: the use of alcohol, drugs, stimulants (caffeine) or hormonal imbalances.
But the panic attack itself is just the tip of the iceberg, a visible splash of the problem. It often accompanies other problems and diseases, and is not a disease in itself.
Most often, panic disorder is accompanied by vegetative-vascular dystonia (VSD). It may arise due to prolonged stress or, conversely, sudden changes in life - and not necessarily bad ones. In the same row you can put repressed problems, fears, dissatisfaction with life.
Some diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, can be accompanied by anxiety and panic. Attacks also appear as side reactions to certain medications.
It is important to know that panic disorder is not mental, but refers to disorders of the autonomic nervous system.
The patient is fully aware of what is happening to him and is not dangerous to others. He can only harm himself - some cannot stand the nightmare of panic attacks and “solve” the problem with the only, as it seems to them, accessible method: suicide.
This is solely due to lack of information. Many sufferers of panic attacks are afraid to see a doctor for fear that they will be sent to a neuropsychiatric dispensary for treatment, and this could negatively affect their careers and relationships with loved ones.
But everything is not so sad - panic attacks can be successfully treated. The most important thing in this case is to make a correct diagnosis, since they are often “masked” as other diseases. For example, many people confuse them with a heart attack, which we will discuss below.
To make a diagnosis, you will have to undergo examinations by several doctors - a cardiologist, neurologist, endocrinologist, psychiatrist. First of all, they will exclude the presence of other diseases in order to correctly determine the cause of the disorder.
How to distinguish a panic attack from a heart attack?
Indeed, some symptoms of panic attacks are strikingly similar to the classic signs of a heart attack or even a heart attack. Rapid heartbeat, fear and anxiety, nausea, dizziness, tingling and chest pain, sweating - all these unpleasant sensations accompany panic attacks and heart attacks.
How to distinguish one from the other? In any case, you will have to see a doctor; self-diagnosis will not help here. An electrocardiogram needs to be done to show if the heart is ok. If no problems are noticeable on the ECG, then the patient is dealing with panic attacks.
Sometimes the symptoms of panic disorder are confused with other diseases such as stroke or asthma.
Panic attacks: treatment
If panic disorder occurs, you should consult a doctor. Initially, go to a therapist, and he will give you a referral to the necessary specialists.
How to treat panic attacks? First of all, it is important to find the hidden cause and remove it - it could be a hormonal imbalance, alcoholism, or stress from work. Sometimes the roots lie so deep that you can’t find them right away - you need a good psychotherapist.
Panic attacks are treated comprehensively: with medications, psychotherapy and a “psychological diet”. It is necessary to reduce stress, do relaxation exercises, meditate, and bring positive emotions into your life.
Is it possible to cure panic attacks on your own?
Of course, much in treatment depends on the patient and his independent work on himself. But there is no way to do this without doctors, since in this case the correct diagnosis, prescription of medications and communication with a psychologist play a huge role. Each case is individual, and there is no magic pill that says “for a panic attack.”
Trying to cure panic attacks on your own is not only pointless, but also dangerous. We all know that advanced diseases are more difficult to treat and that they are fraught with additional problems.
If a person has a hormonal imbalance, no meditation or antidepressants will help. If he has a hidden childhood moral trauma that causes problems in adulthood, he will also not be able to deal with it without outside help.
Remember that panic attacks are not fatal and are highly treatable if you consult a doctor in a timely manner.
What to do if you have a panic attack?
It is important to respond adequately and correctly to a panic attack.
During an attack, you feel like you are suffocating. This sensation occurs due to hyperventilation (when a person inhales frequently and forgets to exhale). To even out your breathing, you need to take any bag and breathe into it, trying to make your inhalations and exhalations as long as possible. Try to do this on a count - inhale 8 times, exhale 8 times.
Take a break from internal sensations by switching to the surrounding reality. Count something that is a lot in front of your eyes - chairs, cars, trees.
Try to quickly stop the situation that caused the panic attack - leave the place or room, move away from the object causing panic. For example, if you are afraid of confined spaces, you need to quickly go out into the open air.
A panic attack grows in a circle - a person is afraid that he is going to die, he gets even more scared, somatic symptoms intensify, and fear increases again. You need to remind yourself that a panic attack doesn't last long, and no one dies from panic attacks.
What to do if someone nearby has a panic attack? If you don't know for sure that someone you know has panic disorder, it's difficult to react correctly. If the person standing next to you is so frightened of something, it means that it can threaten you too, you just don’t see or hear it yet. That's what we usually think.
The best thing to do is pull yourself together and ask what scared your friend so much. When you have a panic attack, you will get answers like this: “I don’t know, I’m just very, very scared.” “I feel like the walls are pressing in.”
Such responses are a clear sign of a panic attack.
Stay calm, do not leave your interlocutor alone, try to provide moral support. If this is the first time this has happened to him and the person is confused and terrified, help carry out the measures described above to stop the attack.
After a panic attack, you feel tired and exhausted, as if after hard, exhausting work. And this is understandable - the person has just suffered a whole “bouquet” of unpleasant physical and moral sensations. In this case, it is best to go home, rest and take a mild sedative - for example, mint decoction.
Panic attacks are not a terrible disease or a death sentence. But they can greatly ruin your life if you do not try to treat the root causes and hope that everything will go away on its own.
FOR YOUR INFORMATION:
Panic (Greek panikos - unaccountable horror, literally inspired by the god of forests Pan) is a psychological state of a person - an unaccountable, uncontrollable fear caused by a real or imaginary danger, covering a person or many people, an uncontrollable desire to avoid a dangerous situation.
Panic attacks are sudden episodes of severe anxiety. For panic attacks, especially at the beginning of the disease, an unexpected onset is typical - without any warning signs and for no apparent reason. One of the most noticeable and politically important types of mass crowd behavior is panic - an emotional state that arises as a result of either a lack of information about some frightening or incomprehensible situation, or, on the contrary, as a consequence of its excess and manifests itself in impulsive actions. Accordingly, based on panic, panic crowds with specific behavior arise.
In the generally accepted sense, “panic” refers to mass panic behavior. The origin of the term is also reminiscent of this: the word “panic”, almost identical in many languages, comes from the name of the Greek god Pan, the patron saint of shepherds, pastures and flocks . His anger was attributed to “panic” - the madness of a herd rushing into an abyss, fire or water for no apparent reason. “Starting suddenly, this madness spread with frightening speed and led the entire mass of animals to death. The fleeing crowd represents a typical case of panic behavior. There are also numerous cases of panic behavior outside the crowd, for example, stock market panic... Sometimes these cases are defined as a panic rush, which refers to mass excitement, accompanied by feverish activity aimed at getting rid of possible danger."
source https://constructorus.ru/
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