Causes of addictive behavior in adolescents | Educational and methodological material:

Greetings, friends!

A few decades ago, it was believed that only certain chemicals caused addiction. But later it became clear that this phenomenon has a complex psychophysiological nature. And very often, addiction is only a consequence of the fact that a person is looking for a way to “escape” from reality. This phenomenon was called addictive behavior, and today we will analyze in detail what this phenomenon is, how it manifests itself, how it develops and how to deal with it.

What is addictive behavior?

From a psychological point of view, addictive behavior is a way of “escaping reality” by taking psychoactive substances or performing obsessive actions that occupy all thoughts. The irresistible need to perform these actions is called addictiveness, and the dependence that develops as a result is called addiction. The meaning of these terms is somewhat vague, so in a certain context they may be synonymous.

The main difference between addiction and dependence in the usual sense is the root cause. Addictions include dependencies that are psychological in nature. For example, if a person became an alcoholic because he simply loved to drink, this is a common addiction. If he drinks to escape from reality or to get rid of mental pain, this is an addiction.

Addictive behavior is a type of deviant behavior. Its main goal is not to obtain satisfaction from the chosen activity, but to get rid of psychological discomfort. For example, a person can once again in a day launch a game that he has been using for a long time, just to take his mind off the thoughts that are tormenting him.

The terms “addiction”, “addictiveness” and “addictive” are derived from the English word addiction (dependence, addiction, inclination). In Russian, the term addiction can be used both in a broad sense - to denote dependence, and in a narrow sense - to denote dependence as a way of escaping from reality.

From a psychological point of view, addictive behavior is a mental disorder, regardless of the cause and form of manifestation. In most cases, it negatively affects the quality of life of the patient and his loved ones. A person has to spend a large amount of time, effort, money and other resources to satisfy painful needs. At the same time, he is not able to independently control his addiction.

Addictive type of deviant behavior

Addictive behavior is one of the types of deviant (deviant) behavior with the formation of a desire to escape from reality by artificially changing one’s mental state by taking certain substances or constantly fixating attention on certain types of activities in order to develop and maintain intense emotions (C. P Korolenko, T. A. Donskikh).

The main motive of individuals prone to addictive forms of behavior is an active change in their unsatisfactory mental state, which they most often consider as “gray”, “boring”, “monotonous”, “apathetic”.

Such a person fails to discover in reality any areas of activity that can attract his attention for a long time, make him happy, or cause another pronounced emotional reaction. Life seems uninteresting to him due to its routine and monotony.

He does not accept what is considered normal in society: the need to do something, engage in some activity, observe some traditions and norms accepted in the family or society. We can say that an individual with an addictive behavior pattern has significantly reduced activity in everyday life, filled with demands and expectations.

At the same time, addictive activity has a selective nature - in those areas of life that, albeit temporarily, bring satisfaction to a person and pull him out of the world of emotional stagnation (insensitivity), he can show remarkable activity to achieve the goal.

The following psychological characteristics of persons with addictive forms of behavior are identified (B. Segal):

reduced tolerance to the difficulties of everyday life, along with good tolerance to crisis situations;
a hidden inferiority complex combined with outwardly demonstrated superiority;
external sociability, combined with fear of persistent emotional contacts;
the desire to tell lies;
the desire to blame others, knowing that they are innocent;
the desire to evade responsibility in decision making;
stereotypy, repetition of behavior;
addiction;
anxiety.

The main, in accordance with existing criteria, feature of an individual with a tendency to addictive forms of behavior is a mismatch of psychological stability in cases of ordinary relationship crises. Normally, as a rule, mentally healthy people easily (“automatically”) adapt to the demands of everyday life and have a harder time enduring crisis situations. They, unlike people with various addictions, try to avoid crises and exciting unconventional events.

The classic antipode of an addictive personality is the average person - a person who, as a rule, lives in the interests of his family, relatives, close people and is well adapted to such a life.

It is the average person who develops foundations and traditions that become socially encouraged norms. He is conservative in essence, is not inclined to change anything in the world around him, is content with what he has (“the little joys of life”), tries to eliminate risk to a minimum and is proud of his “correct way of life.”

In contrast, an addictive personality, on the contrary, is disgusted by traditional life with its foundations, regularity and predictability, when “even at birth you know what and how will happen to this person.”

Predictability, the givenness of one’s own fate becomes an irritating moment for an addictive personality. Crisis situations with their unpredictability, risk and pronounced affects turn out to be for them the soil on which they gain self-confidence, self-respect and a sense of superiority over others. The addictive personality has o (V.A. Petrovsky), characterized by an impulse to take risks, conditioned by the experience of overcoming danger.

According to E. Bern, a person has six types of hunger:

hunger for sensory stimulation;
hunger for recognition;
hunger for contact and physical stroking;
sexual hunger;
structural hunger, or hunger for structuring time;
hunger for incidents.

As part of the addictive type of behavior, each of the listed types of hunger worsens. A person does not find satisfaction in the feeling of “hunger” in real life and seeks to relieve discomfort and dissatisfaction with reality by stimulating certain types of activities.

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He tries to achieve an increased level of sensory stimulation (gives priority to intense influences, loud sounds, strong smells, bright images), recognition of unusual actions (including sexual ones), and filling time with events.

At the same time, objectively and subjectively poor tolerance to the difficulties of everyday life, constant reproaches of inability and lack of love for life from loved ones and others form a hidden “inferiority complex” in addictive individuals. They suffer from being different from others, from not being able to “live like people.”

However, such a temporary “inferiority complex” results in a hypercompensatory reaction. From low self-esteem inspired by others, individuals move directly to high self-esteem, bypassing adequate self-esteem.

The emergence of a sense of superiority over others performs a protective psychological function, helping to maintain self-esteem in unfavorable microsocial conditions - conditions of confrontation between the individual and the family or team. The feeling of superiority is based on a comparison of the “gray philistine swamp” in which everyone around them is, and the “real life free from obligations” of an addictive person.

Considering the fact that the pressure on such people from society turns out to be quite intense, addictive individuals have to adapt to the norms of society, play the role of “friend among strangers.”

As a result, he learns to formally fulfill those social roles that are imposed on him by society (an exemplary son, a courteous interlocutor, a respectable colleague). External sociability and ease of establishing contacts are accompanied by manipulative behavior and superficial emotional connections.

Such a person is afraid of persistent and long-term emotional contacts due to the rapid loss of interest in the same person or type of activity and the fear of attributing responsibility for any matter. The motive for the behavior of an “inveterate bachelor” (a categorical refusal to tie the knot and have offspring) in the case of the predominance of addictive forms of behavior may be the fear of responsibility for a possible spouse and children and dependence on them.

The desire to tell lies, deceive others, and also blame others for one’s own mistakes and failures stems from the structure of an addictive personality, which tries to hide from others its own “inferiority complex”, caused by the inability to live in accordance with the foundations and generally accepted norms.

Signs of addictive behavior

Everyone can relax sometimes. And we all love to relax, often allowing ourselves various little pleasures that seem harmless to us, but for other people they are dangerous, irresistible addictions. And it is very important to be able to distinguish these small weaknesses from real bad habits that hold people captive, bringing suffering to themselves and their loved ones.

Addictiveness can be determined by the presence in a person’s behavior of such signs as:

Frequent lies. Most people naturally have a hard time telling lies. But if a person is forced to constantly lie to himself, then pretty soon it turns into a habit, and he begins to lie about every minor reason. If someone lies a lot, this does not mean they are addicted. But people with severe forms of addiction almost always lie.
Fear of getting close. An addictive person is afraid of becoming attached to people, but he is even more afraid that someone will become attached to him. He doesn’t want to be needed by anyone, he doesn’t want anyone to “meddle into his life.” In addition, he is afraid of exposure. And he is afraid that the person he lets too close will sooner or later find out about his shameful addiction.
Complexes. Realizing that he has found himself on the “sidelines of life,” the dependent person gradually accepts this. His self-esteem drops, and he begins to believe that he does not deserve anything good. At the same time, he is very worried about his own shortcomings, and he is afraid that others will see them.
Anxiety. A dependent person constantly thinks about the object of dependence. He regularly has to worry about whether he will be able to satisfy his cravings in a timely manner. If for some reason he has to abstain for some time, the level of tension and anxiety increases greatly.
Conformity. A characteristic feature of people with addictive behavior is pronounced conformism. They tend to agree with the opinion of the majority, trying to be no different from those around them and not stand out from their background.
Tendency to manipulate. People with addictions begin to manipulate their loved ones. They change their behavior, becoming either rude or pliable, and begin to put pressure on their relatives. In their manipulations, they use a wide range of tools: physical and moral violence, demonstrative suffering, threats of suicide, etc.
Shifting responsibility. Of course, the tendency to shift responsibility to others is common. But individuals with addictions almost always demonstrate it, since they need to justify their weaknesses with external circumstances.

It is interesting that the listed behavioral features are characteristic even of those people whose addictions do not affect their social status and practically do not interfere with normal life. For example, smokers feel very tense in situations in which they understand that they will have to go without a cigarette for some time (for example, in a movie theater).

They are also characterized by a higher level of conformism, they develop complexes that they do not want to admit, because of which they are forced to lie to themselves and others. People with nicotine addiction often manipulate loved ones and shift responsibility onto them. Surely you have heard the phrase popular among smokers: “I wanted to quit smoking, but will you really quit?!”

Features of addictive behavior of adolescents

This article examines the characteristics of adolescence and its relationship with the mechanism of the emergence of addictive behavior. Attention is focused on the trigger mechanism for the initiation of this phenomenon. Addictive behavior of adolescents is considered as an integral part of deviant behavior.

Key words: addictive behavior, internalization of values, values of adolescents, adolescents

Each age has its own characteristics and at the same time its own difficulties. Adolescence is no exception. This period of human ontogenetic development is considered one of the longest and most emotionally intense. It is worth noting that at this age stage of development, the negative features of the age crisis appear, and deviant, deviant behavior is formed, initiated by the influence of various ideologies. The pronounced psychological characteristics of adolescence are called the “teenage complex.” The “teenage complex” is characterized by changes in general mood, that is, for example, a transition from unbridled joy to despondency and back - without sufficient reasons for this, and in addition, the emergence of polar qualities that appear alternately. Many domestic and foreign researchers have been and continue to study it, since it is at this stage of ontogenetic development that the causes of addictive behavior arise.

The characteristic features of the adolescent complex are: apathy, absent-mindedness, anxiety, indifference, rudeness, the child’s predisposition to sudden mood swings, nervousness, negativism, internal conflict, conflict in communication, contradictory feelings and desires, and aggressive behavior. In turn, the most common psychological characteristics of adolescence are mood swings (emotional lability) or frequent outbursts of anger, categoricalness, manipulative behavior, construction of ultimatums, aimless insolence and independence in anything, competition with authorities and deification of the ideal [4].

The personality of a teenager, which is typical in individual attempts, tries to find his own universal and extremely subjective way of survival - avoiding pressing problems. The natural adaptive abilities of a person with addictive behavior are disrupted at the psychophysiological level. The initial signs of these disorders are feelings of psychosocial discomfort.

General psychological comfort can be disrupted due to various reasons, both internal and external. Mood swings almost constantly accompany our lives, but each member of society accepts these psychological states differently and pays attention to it differently. Some tend to resist the obstacles that stand in the way, take responsibility for what happened and solve the difficulties that have arisen, while others have great difficulty withstanding even the most short-term and small changes in mood and psychophysical tone. This group of people, as a rule, has a low tolerance for frustration. They prefer addiction as a method of restoring psychological comfort.

A characteristic psychological feature of this age is also considered initiative and selfish behavior, which is noted along with fidelity and self-sacrifice. The demonstrative and defiant behavior of adolescents towards adults has increased. Expressions of insolence and rudeness towards other people along with extreme vulnerability, a sharp transition from optimistic behavior to gloomy pessimism. During this very difficult age period of children, there is excessive attention to peers’ assessment of their appearance, characteristic abilities, strength, and skills, supported by excessive self-confidence, picky criticism and dissatisfaction with the opinions of adults.

A teenage child is also characterized by a combination of amazing sensuality with unhealthy callousness, and painful timidity with impudence. The desire to gain recognition is expressed along with a disregard for independence, and disagreement with generally accepted rules is expressed with the deliberate deification of random “ideals.” Emotional improvisation, philosophical philosophizing, solving complex philosophical problems, the tendency to fantasize and excessive inventions of a child in adolescence are combined with “dry calculations.”

Adolescence is the most difficult and very vulnerable to the development of various disorders and at the same time the most favorable for learning and accepting the norms of behavior established in society.

Many researchers and educators have studied adolescence and adolescent behavior in particular. Thus, psychiatrist and psychotherapist V.D. Mendelevich in his work “Psychology of Deviant Behavior” characterized the deviant behavior of a teenager as an analysis of his interaction with the surrounding reality, due to the fact that the main principle of the norm is the adaptation of the individual to his social environment. As a rule, those teenagers who seek to escape from reality prefer, as a rule, those who treat it with extreme disrespect and opposition and are incapable of adapting to it.

Soviet and Russian sociologist I. S. Kon believed that all forms of deviant behavior of a teenager are directly interrelated. The use of alcoholic beverages and drugs, aggression in behavior and illegal behavior form a single integral block. Introducing a teenager to one type of deviant behavior greatly increases the risk of his involvement in others.

It must be emphasized that already in the 40s, the most successful development of the socio-pedagogical direction in the prevention of deviant behavior of adolescents, represented by famous doctors of pedagogy such as A. S. Makarenko, S. T. Shatsky. In their own experimental work, they, in essence, founded and shaped the key foundations, methods and content of social pedagogy, social work with adolescent groups of the population, as well as with difficult-to-educate people, where an important, relevant condition for educational work is the educational environment formed and organized by the teacher .

Around the same time, in the works of famous psychologists L. S. Vygotsky and P. P. Blonsky and their followers, a basis for developmental psychology was formed, which made it possible to learn and comprehend the characteristic features of the psychological development of groups of adolescents at different stages, including the stage of crisis development of a teenager.

Life situations reflect the validity of this postulate. Taking into account the materials of researchers, we support their judgment that deviance in adolescence is subject to general patterns, that is, there are no specific causes and prerequisites for deviant behavior of adolescents, but socio-economic inequality, inequality of opportunities generally available to people belonging to different social groups, and manifests itself differently in relation to adolescents.

Addictive behavior of the teenage generation, as well as older age groups of the population, is observed in varying degrees of severity: from relatively normal to severe addiction, which in the future can lead to mental pathology. Doctor of Psychological Sciences E. V. Zmanovskaya in her works draws a line between addictive behavior and simply bad habits, which are not severe addiction and do not always imply an obvious danger or threat to a person’s life.

Despite the fact that the constituent elements of addictive behavior are characteristic of almost any person (smoking, drinking alcohol, gambling addiction), the question of addiction at the level of pathology is asked when the desire to escape from the pressing reality begins to prevail in the consciousness and becomes the dominant idea. Instead of developing actions to resolve the problem “here and now,” a person, most often, will prefer to choose an addictive implementation, thereby achieving a more suitable psychological state at the moment, accumulating problems. This “escape from reality” can be realized in a variety of ways [2].

A certain feature of a child’s addictive behavior in adolescence is that, moving away from reality, he unnaturally changes the formation of his mental state, which creates the illusion of security and restoration of balance, as a result of which the process begins to “control” the personality and the addiction already controls it.

Current society is characterized by an orientation towards the accumulation of changes in all spheres of life. Consequently, the conclusion suggests itself that avoiding problems that stand in the way is the most logical and straightforward course of action for an addictive personality. In this regard, at the level of human psychophysiology, there is a violation of the individual’s inherent ability to adapt to society, and psychological discomfort is also noted, the basis of which can be both internal and external reasons. In the process of life, people react completely differently to such conditions. Characteristic features of an addictive personality are intolerance to mood swings and some psychological discomfort.

The powerful impact of negative emotions is exerted by such pressure on the individual, the consequence of which can be maladaptation of the personal “I”, manifested in the disruption of internal dialogue aimed at developing a plan of action, which leads to lack of control over behavior, it becomes disordered and inappropriate [3]. Doctor of Psychological Sciences Solovyova S.L. also believed that the desire to change the inherent state of mind through an addictive mechanism is carried out with the help of various addictive agents [1].

Thus, having studied the works of domestic and foreign researchers, one should come to the conclusion that the main characteristic of the addictive personality of a modern teenager is dependence, which can be overcome by the development of a constructive life strategy.

Literature:

Gilinsky Ya., Gurvich I., Rusakova M., Simpura Yu., Khlopushin R. Adolescent deviance: theory, methodology, empirical reality. - St. Petersburg: Medical Press, 2001.
Zaitsev G.K. School valeology: pedagogical foundations for ensuring the health of students and teachers. - St. Petersburg: Aksident, 1998.
Korolenko T.P. Addictive behavior. General characteristics and patterns of development. - Review psychiatrist and honey psychol. 1991/1. pp. 8–15.
Sirota N.A., Yaltonsky V.M. Prevention of drug addiction and alcoholism. M., 2003.

Types of addictive behavior, examples

Classifying types of addiction is not an easy task, since a person can become dependent on various substances, products, entertainment and other activities. The most studied types of addictions in psychology are:

Substance addiction. This includes all types of drug addiction, alcoholism and medication dependence.
Gambling addiction. This is a pathological addiction to computer games (most often multiplayer), in which a person has all the signs of addiction, including a state of withdrawal (withdrawal) when abstaining from games.
Gambling addiction. This is a gambling addiction, which is often identified with gambling addiction. But in reality, gambling addiction is a slightly different form of addiction. It seems to a person that every day he is getting closer to his goal - a big win, and all his thoughts are occupied only with this.
Food addiction. This may seem funny to some, but it is a dangerous eating disorder that can lead to serious health problems in the long term. Food addiction manifests itself in the fact that a person feels the need to eat even when he is not at all hungry.
Workaholism. Some people devote all their time and energy to work. Usually they feel satisfied; it seems to them that work is their favorite activity, replacing even rest. But sooner or later they experience emotional burnout - a condition after which it is very difficult to return to normal life.
Pathological passion. Many activities can be addictive under certain circumstances. It could be anything: religious activity and sectarianism, communication on the Internet, passion for new methods of losing weight and getting healthy, excessive exercise, watching TV series, etc.
Sexual addiction. Of course, the need for regular sex is quite natural. But if a person develops an addiction to sex, he will experience all the unwanted signs of addiction. He becomes irritable and anxious, loses interest in other areas of life. Normal sex ceases to satisfy him, and he constantly feels the need for stronger and more unusual sexual experiences.

All types of addictions can be divided into two groups:

chemical (dependence on specific substances);
behavioral (dependence on actions).

Only the first item from the list discussed above applies to chemical addictions. These are addictions that involve the intake of a very specific substance from the outside (nicotine, ethyl alcohol). Behavioral addictions are of a psychological or psychophysiological nature and are associated with the repetition of obsessive actions that calm or give a feeling of satisfaction.

Reasons for the formation of addictive behavior

Addictive behavior is a problem that is relevant to a very large number of people.

What is addiction? This is the desire to rely on another person in everything in order to obtain satisfaction, gain security, and achieve success in life.

Addiction can be normal and pathological.

Addiction is a person’s obsessive need for a certain type of activity. Addictive behavior is expressed in an escape from reality through a change in mental state. A person “moves away” from a reality that does not suit him. S. Freud pointed out the importance of addiction for satisfying libido, the formation of healthy attachments to objects, and personality development. He viewed the child's dependence on the mother and the first manifestations of independence from her as important for the subsequent psychosexual development of a person, the formation of healthy relationships with others, or the formation of painful attachments that turn into pathological dependence on other people.

Forms of addiction can be divided into chemical and non-chemical.

Chemical addictions include: alcoholism, drug addiction, substance abuse, smoking.

Non-chemical ones include: gambling (gambling), computer addiction, sexual, love addiction, relationship addiction (characterized by a person’s need for a certain type of relationship), workaholism (using work as a means of escape from reality), addiction to spending money, urgent addiction (being in a state of constant lack of time), etc.

An intermediate place between non-chemical and chemical addictions is occupied by food addiction, which has two forms - overeating and starvation. The first form is more common.

Dependency is a normal aspect of human existence, mental development and relationships with others. The immaturity and helplessness of the child form the need for the mother as a vital object. Dependency persists throughout life, and many pathological conditions in which it plays a key role arise because relationships with primary objects have been distorted or failed.

Excessive dependence is most often found in individuals with an “orally dependent” character and is based on defects in normal dependence. Dependence on an object can shift to - work, money, sex, food, alcohol, cigarettes, drugs, gambling, watching TV, series, religion, etc. Those. an incorrect attitude arises towards objects, activities, organizations that are endowed with a special meaning. Addictive fulfillment creates the illusion of being able to control one’s mental state, causes a feeling of mental comfort, and relieves unpleasant emotions and thoughts. Addictive implementation, i.e. become a kind of magic, changing the perception of internal and external reality. By seeking such behavior, a person tries to get rid of suffering, feelings of inner emptiness and isolation. As a rule, addicts cannot express their condition in words, since many of them suffer from alexithymia (the inability to convey their experiences in words).

The causes of addictions, the mechanisms of their development, psychological and clinical signs, symptoms, methods of therapy are studied by the science of addictionology.

The roots of addictive mechanisms lie in childhood, in the peculiarities of upbringing.
A child's painful experiences in the first two years of life are associated with subsequent dependent behavior in children. It is in the parental environment that the child learns the language of interpersonal contacts and emotional relationships. We can talk about certain conditions of upbringing that are most predisposing to the risk of developing addictive behavior, where the main thing is a violation of emotional ties with others. In such families, emotional closeness between family members does not exist in reality, but only in words. This creates feelings of inner emptiness and isolation in children, with a desire to fill these feelings by creating a special world in their fantasies, the heroes of which replace reality. But these fantasies do not bring the desired satisfaction. On the other hand, the child does not find support, affection, or emotional warmth from his parents, and then he develops feelings of insecurity and mistrust, which are transferred to the entire world around him, to the people he meets in life. All this will push him to seek pleasure with the help of certain substances, objects, and activities. Agniya Manenkova, blog expert

Reasons for the development of addictions

As a rule, addictive behavior is a consequence of the influence of several unfavorable factors. In particular, the factors that make a person prone to addiction are usually congenital or begin in early childhood. Moreover, this tendency manifests itself to the maximum extent early - at about 12 years of age. Therefore, in the modern world, children and adolescents often become victims of various addictions.

A predisposition to addiction can be inherited. In addition, in childhood the child is very sensitive to the environment in which he lives. Therefore, those who in childhood had to observe alcoholism or other bad habits of adults, having matured, have a greater chance of acquiring the same addictions. And such a person will not even realize that he was “programmed” for this from childhood.

The trigger that can provoke addictive behavior in the presence of a predisposition is usually some external unfavorable factor or a combination of several such factors. This could be an unstable financial situation, a lack of positive emotions, a bereavement, failure in love, or some circumstance that makes a person think that he will never have a happy life. Sometimes addiction is caused by the desire for new emotions, gambling or the desire to stand out.

Prevention of addictive behavior in children of early preschool age

Marina Vyacheslavovna Saprankova

Prevention of addictive behavior in children of early preschool age

Addictive behavior , an important factor influencing the state of mental and somatic health of the nation, is one of the most common types of deviant behavior .

Many domestic and foreign researchers today note a significant increase in forms of addictive behavior [1] . Along with the known ones described in the International Classification of Diseases [7], new forms of addictions are emerging that have become widespread over the past 20 years and continue to be studied [4]

Addiction is a fatal disease that affects the body, psyche of a person, and the sphere of his relationships with the outside world. After all, the consequences of abuse, when we talk about chemical dependencies (alcoholism, drug addiction, substance abuse)

obvious. The most amazing thing is that non-chemical addictions lead to almost the same consequences, almost the same diseases and, ultimately, death.

A family with an addict will be dysfunctional. This is a factor in the formation of an addictive personality in a child .

For the education and development of a healthy generation, a system-forming component is psychoprophylactic work .

That is why the strategic priority of the activities of the Municipal Budgetary Institution “Center for Psychological, Pedagogical, Medical and Social Assistance of the Metallurgical District of the City of Chelyabinsk” (hereinafter referred to as the Center)

is an educational and
preventive activity aimed at parents, children , and teachers. The Center's experience in this area is gradually accumulating. The importance of involving families with young in the educational process, recognizing their needs and establishing partnerships has a positive vector.
Preventive and psychocorrective work to prevent addictive personality disorder is carried out with families with young children , in individual and group form. An important stage of the work is encouraging parents to engage in their own therapeutic activities. In most cases, the main social attitude of parents is to shift responsibility to specialists. In this situation, our task is to support the parents’ contact skills with the child, teach them basic techniques for handling the baby and demonstrate his potential capabilities.

Practically, the preventive and psychocorrective work of the Center’s specialists represents the formation of a lifestyle that provides the child with conditions for optimal development and realization of natural abilities throughout life. The main tasks that specialists set for themselves when working with this category of children are the formation of such personal formations as adequate self-esteem and level of aspirations, low levels of anxiety, lack of motivation for destructive behavioral acts , the presence of attitudes toward a healthy lifestyle, the presence of communication skills and reflective skills. skills, the ability to withstand personal pressure from others, positive relationships with peers and parents. The solution to these problems is carried out by specialists from the educational and correctional department of the Center as part of comprehensive psychological and pedagogical support for children who do not attend preschool educational organizations in short-term groups. The main contingent of short-term study groups annually are young (70%)

.
young children have been trained .
Comprehensive psychological and pedagogical support for short-term study groups for young children at the Center throughout the academic year includes the implementation of: the basic educational program of preschool education for young children ; health-improving, treatment-and-prophylactic programs ; "Parental programs"

,
preventive program "Parent Module"
.

The implementation of the basic educational program of preschool education for young children , in accordance with the curriculum, provides for the conduct of classes with children by educational psychologists, speech therapists, teachers, together with parents on the development of the child’s cognitive sphere, emotional and communication skills, and the formation of constructive interaction in child-parent dyads , child-child. Unformed child-maternal attachment in early childhood causes a state of mental deprivation in the child with loss of a sense of security, leads to a delay in the formation of emotional abilities for communication, playful transformation, and distortions in personal growth. In cases where care and concern are inadequate, the child develops insufficiency in his feelings towards himself and towards others. Child psychiatry has obtained evidence that socialization disorders in early childhood lead to significant deviations in the child’s psychosocial development. The results obtained from the implementation of this area of activity of the Center’s specialists (100% positive dynamics according to all criteria) allow us to judge the effectiveness and necessity of such forms of work with parents in order to prevent violations of child-parent relationships, which are more conducive to the formation of various addictions in adolescence .

The implementation of treatment-and-prophylactic , health-improving programs involves consultations with full-time specialists: a psychiatrist, a psychotherapist, followed by the implementation of recommendations and prescriptions, as well as mechanical and manual massage sessions in accordance with indications.

Implementation by parents of students of “Parental Programs”

allows the educational process to be carried out in the context of the family and the child’s immediate environment.
The involvement of parents in the educational process already in early and preschool childhood makes it possible to motivate them to work together with their own child, achieve the best results and, as a result, form mutual understanding and trusting relationships between children and adults, as well as increase the pedagogical competence of parents in matters of learning and development of their own child. The effectiveness of this area of activity was substantiated by the Center’s specialists as a result of a qualitative analysis of the implementation of the program: for students whose parents implemented the “Parental Program”
in full, the dynamics of success in mastering the educational program averaged 41%, and for students whose parents implemented
“ Parental program"
not in full - 15%.
young children in the process of conscious development of the child determines the degree of success in later life.
As part of the implementation of “Parental Module” preventive program

Center specialists (educational psychologists, speech therapists, speech pathologists, social pedagogues) carry out educational work with parents
(legal representatives)
of minors on various issues and problems in the upbringing, training and development
of children . Since a significant role among the etiological factors leading to the formation of addictive behavior in minors is traditionally assigned to the family, parents are offered social videos on this topic to watch, as well as mini-lectures, round tables, and training sessions. This area of activity helps to increase the psychological and pedagogical competence of parents. Participants in the “Parental Module”
come to understand the causes of difficult
behavior in children and adolescents and prevent their formation.
Experience working with families with young children has confirmed that the earlier assistance is started, the greater the results that can be achieved.

Thanks to a clearly structured system organized at the Center for Work with Young Children, women become “good”

mothers and our society only benefits from this.

LITERATURE

1. Egorov A. Yu. Non-chemical dependencies. Monograph. St. Petersburg: Rech, 2007. – 192 p.

2. Zmanovskaya E. V., Rybnikov V. Yu. Deviant behavior of individuals and groups . Tutorial. St. Petersburg: Peter, 2011. - 352 p.

3. Kozlov V.V., Karpov A.A. Psychology of gaming addiction. M.: Psychotherapy. 2011. – 336 p.

4. Korolenko T.P., Dmitrieva N.V. Sociodynamic psychiatry. M.: Academic Project; Ekaterinburg: Business Book, 2000. - 460 p.

5. Linden, D. Brain and pleasure. Transl. from English I. Verevkina. M.: Eksmo, 2012.–228 p.

6. Moroz O. Risk group. – M.: Education, 2000. – 94 p.

7. Jüttner F. Fate analysis in conclusions. Per. with him. A. V. Tikhomirov. Ekaterinburg: Uralsk Publishing House. state Pedagogical University, 2002. - 262 p.

Stages of formation

Addictive behavior is a rather dangerous phenomenon that can lead to complete personality disorder and other mental disorders. Psychologists distinguish five stages of addiction development, the first two of which are considered relatively safe and easily reversible, and the last one is the most dangerous and destructive. Let's look at all the stages in detail:

Acquaintance. A person tries a substance or activity that causes addiction for the first time. Usually at this stage it seems quite safe to him. He does not allow the thought that he will become dependent.
Interest. He becomes interested and wants to try again. He looks for situations in which this is possible, considers alternative options. He still doesn't see the danger.
Addiction. At this stage, a person is not yet aware of his addiction, but it has already formed. He has an internal conflict, he oscillates between accepting the addiction and the desire to quit.
Subordination. The person completely accepts his addictive behavior and gives up trying to resist. He is ready to give up his old life, his personality is on the verge of destruction. At the same time, he develops tolerance to the object of addiction - he increases the dose, but does not receive satisfaction.
Addictive catastrophe. At this stage, the personality is completely destroyed, and returning to normal life is no longer possible. As a rule, not only mental but also physical health is irreversibly damaged, even if the addiction was not associated with the use of harmful substances.

What is the danger of addictive behavior?

It is believed that approximately half of all people living on the planet have addictions that negatively affect their lives. They lead to chronic illness, often cause early death, and destroy careers and families. Even if addiction does not kill and seems completely harmless, it still reduces a person’s quality of life because it takes away his freedom.

Planning his every action, making plans for the day, he is forced to allocate time to satisfy addictive needs. In addition, many addictions progress to the fourth and fifth stages, destroying a person’s personality and his entire life. Alcoholism, drug addiction, gambling addiction, gambling addiction and other addictions can deprive a person of the meaning of his life - it all depends on his predisposition to addiction.

Prevention and treatment

Almost all addictions have a destructive effect on the psyche. They are extremely difficult to treat, and the risk of relapse is very high. Therefore, prevention of addictive behavior is necessary for all people, especially those who have a predisposition. It needs to start at school , telling children in detail how dangerous bad habits are. It is also important to clearly explain to them that almost every adult who smokes or drinks would happily give up their addiction, but cannot do so.

You can get rid of addiction on your own only at the first or second stage - it is enough to realize the danger in time and make a firm decision. If it has entered the third stage, it is almost impossible to get rid of it on your own. And if a person is determined, he should consult a psychotherapist or other specialist, depending on the type of addiction.