The significance of Sigmund Freud's psychoanalysis in the modern world.

About treatment

Psychoanalysis is said to be a long-term treatment, usually lasting from two to five years. Let's start with the very concept of healing. To heal means to restore health, but healing also means leaving pain, getting rid of it. Diderot noted that if fever is cured with quinine, then literary fame is cured by lack of recognition, unfair preferences, enmity, envy, satires... Are we not trying, if psychoanalysis is banned, to escape its very essence? Psychoanalysis is in most cases opposed to medical therapy. What is its essence? Modern medical therapy subverts long-held ideas about healing by reducing healing to metron
, measurement and evaluation. This is an insight clinic focused on quantitative methods. At the center of therapy we always find the drug, which also modulates the effect; but the center of healing is always the patient and his quality of life, his health. For Hans-Georg Gadamer, for example, health is a matter of harmony, that is, balance and the right measure, elusive and incomprehensible.

The doctor is interested in the patient, as Lacan noted in 1966 in Psychoanalysis and Medicine, in order to make him sick. But he is also interested in him so that the patient confirms his disease, in order to identify the patient with his symptom. This has several advantages for the patient. The first is getting a new place in speech, supporting an unsuccessful speech, an erroneous statement. “Failure,” that is, illness, according to Gadamer, causes the subject to lose his place in the general discourse. But the return does not come without criticism of the healing.

Michel Foucault emphasizes that modern medicine strives not for individualized action, but for mass treatment

: The population is treated with the help of “healing machines”, hospitals and medical centers. The COVID-19 epidemic has shown the failure of states in mass medical interventions, and now, increasingly, at the heart of this machinery we find the patients themselves in the role of experts. In this case, the very reason behind the disease and the request for treatment is erased.

The significance of Sigmund Freud's psychoanalysis in the modern world.

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Psychoanalysis, Method, Scientific, Chapter, Sensitivity, Psychology, Obtain, Zigmund Seitov T.K EMF-48

The significance of Sigmund Freud's psychoanalysis in the modern world.

1. Introduction

Sigmund Freud (full name Sigmund Shlomo Freud. Sigismund Schlomo Freud

.) Born May 6, 1856 in Freiberg (now Přbor, Czech Republic), Austrian Empire - died September 23, 1939, London - Austrian, with Jewish roots, psychoanalyst, psychiatrist and neurologist.

Sigmund Freud, the founding father of psychoanalysis, a method that had a huge impact on most areas of society in the twentieth century, directly on: medicine, psychology, anthropology, sociology, as well as literature and art. S. Freud's teachings were unprecedented, new for that time and, naturally, were subject to unprecedented criticism in the scientific community. Z. Freud's teachings are popular and are being developed and improved to this day.

The innovation in the world of psychology was the following: the introduction of such concepts as the three-component structure of the model of the psyche (“It” (lat. Id

), “I” (Ego, lat.
Ego
), “Super-Ego” (Super-ego), innovation in psychosexual personality development, theory of the Oedipus complex, creation of a definition of defense mechanisms in the psyche, psychologization of the concept “ unconscious”, discovery of transference and counter-transference, creation of therapeutic techniques: the method of free associations and dream interpretation

And although Freud’s psychoanalysis was subject to fierce criticism from respected scientists of that time, for example: Karl Jaspers, Erich Fromm, Albert Ellis, Karl Kraus, and the empirical basis was dubbed “inadequate”, there were still people who supported and developed psychoanalysis in the future . Victor Franklin recognized the work of S. Freud and in his book “Theory and Therapy of Neurosis” he said the following: “ And yet, it seems to me, psychoanalysis will be the foundation for the psychotherapy of the future. […] Therefore, the contribution made by Freud to the creation of psychotherapy does not lose its value, and what he did is incomparable.”

During his long, eventful life, Sigmund Freud became a member of respected societies such as: the French Psychoanalytic Society, the American Psychoanalytic Association, the Royal Society of London, he was also awarded the title of Doctor of Medicine, Professor, Honorary Doctor of Laws from Clark University, winner of the Goethe Prize (international literary Prize), Freud published a total of 24 volumes for his practice. At the moment, Sigmund Freud is the most popular psychoanalyst, loved and condemned by millions, books are published every year about his biography.

16 pages, 7720 words

Chapter 2. Sigmund Freud and psychoanalysis

Chapter 2. Sigmund Freud and psychoanalysis. . . . Freud's views on the nature of women. Freud's views on the nature of women were mainly based on biological differences between men and women and were always subject to harsh critical attacks. In the following chapters of this book, mainly Chapter 6 (“Karen Horney and Humanistic Psychoanalysis”) and Chapter 9 (“Psychology of Women: An Integrative...

1. History of psychoanalysis

In 1881, Freud received his doctorate and remained in the laboratory, in the department of psychology under the supervision of Dr. Brücke, in the hope of obtaining a vacant position and connecting himself with scientific activity. But Brücke was well aware of Freud’s meager financial situation and said: “Young man, you have chosen a path that leads to nowhere. There are no vacancies in the psychology department for the next 20 years, and you don’t have enough money to make a living. I don’t see any other solution: leave the institute and start practicing medicine.”

Freud heeded the teacher's advice and went to practice at the Vienna City Hospital, where in the neurology department he achieved some success studying methods for diagnosing and treating infantile paralysis and various speech disorders. Freud published several of his works in this area, which became famous in scientific and medical circles. The now generally accepted term “cerebral palsy” belongs to S. Freud

In 1883, Freud changed the department of neurology to psychology.

He came under the leadership of Theodore Meinret, a prominent scientific figure of the time. During this period of time, Freud published a large number of works devoted to comparative anatomy and histology, namely: “A case of cerebral hemorrhage with a complex of basic indirect symptoms associated with scurvy” (1884),

“On the issue of the intermediate location of the olive body”;

“A case of muscle atrophy with extensive loss of sensation (impaired pain and temperature sensitivity)” (1885);

“Complex acute neuritis of the nerves of the spinal cord and brain”; "Origin of the auditory nerve";

“Observation of severe unilateral loss of sensitivity in a patient with hysteria” (1886).

Freud, who strived for scientific recognition, was increasingly in a state of melancholy and depression.

In 1885, Freud received the opportunity to train with Jean Charcot (the most famous scientist in the field of neuropathology at that time) in Paris, winning a competition held among junior doctors.

J. Charcot studied the problems and methods of treating hysteria. Also, great attention was paid to hypnosis.

Freud, amazed by Charcot's methods, invited him to translate his lectures into German, to which he received consent.

2 pages, 515 words

Psychophysical studies Methods for measuring the absolute threshold of sensitivity. Features and disadvantages of each method.

Experimental psychology The concept of method and methodology. Observation method, introspection method, experimental method. Answer Method as a way of the experimenter’s cognitive relationship to the reality being studied and as a research structure. Methodology as a technology for obtaining empirical data and as a way of recording empirical data. Methodology as a special measuring procedure. Story …

He immersed himself in the study of neuropathology, Freud looked for the difference between patients who “earned” paralysis due to physical trauma, as well as those in whom it manifested itself as a result of hysteria, and to identify connections between hysteria and problems of a sexual nature.

After returning to Austria, Freud began working at the institute under Max Kassovitz, while simultaneously conducting private practice, mainly working with neurotics, which “urgently put on the agenda the question of therapy, which was not so relevant for scientists engaged in research activities.” . Freud knew about the successes of his friend Joseph Breuer and the possibility of successfully practicing his “catharic method”; Freud himself began to practice hypnosis on his patients, but he achieved his first, modest successes a year later and Freud suggested working with Breuer in this direction. Charcot was very skeptical about this method, but Freud, believing in his personal experience and intuition, still continued to work on this method.

“The patients who approached them were mainly women suffering from hysteria. The disease manifested itself in various symptoms - fears (phobias), loss of sensitivity, aversion to food, split personality, hallucinations, spasms, etc. Using light hypnosis (a suggested state similar to sleep), Breuer and Freud asked their patients to talk about events that had never happened before. accompanied the onset of symptoms of the disease. It turned out that when patients managed to remember this and “talk it out,” the symptoms disappeared at least for some time. <…> Hypnosis weakened the control of consciousness, and sometimes completely removed it. This made it easier for the hypnotized patient to solve the problem that Breuer and Freud set - to “pour out the soul” in a story about experiences repressed from consciousness.”

— Yaroshevsky M. G. “Sigmund Freud is an outstanding researcher of human mental life”

In the process of work, it became clear that the “cathartic method”, hypnosis, was not as effective as Breuer claimed, and sometimes even had a negative effect on the patient. Even under the influence of hypnosis, a person could not overcome resistance, as a result of repressed memories.

In the period 1892 to 1895, Freud was looking for another, more advanced method of overcoming resistance and came up with the following method:

They pressed on the patient's forehead in order to convince the patient that he must remember events and experiences that had previously taken place in his life. The main task that the scientist solved was to obtain the required information about the patient’s past in his normal (and not hypnotic) state.

This method helped to escape hypnosis, but was still not effective, so Freud continued to look for another method.

The answer to the question was found quite by accident in the book of one of Freud’s favorite writers, Ludwig Börne. In his book “The Art of Becoming an Original Writer in Three Days” there were the following lines: “Write everything you think about yourself, about your successes, about the Turkish war, about Goethe, about the criminal trial and its judges, about your bosses,” and in three days you will be amazed at how many completely new, unknown ideas lie hidden within you.” These words prompted Freud to use the “method of free association.”

2.1 Free association method

Pressing on the forehead, forcing the patient to say everything - all this made it difficult for the patient to concentrate. And then Freud allowed his patients to simply, freely speak on the proposed psychoanalytic topic, thus, according to Freud's theoretical provisions, thought will unconsciously move towards what is significant (what worries), overcoming resistance due to lack of concentration. From Freud's point of view, no emerging thought is accidental - it is always a derivative of the processes that occurred (and are occurring) with the patient. Any association can become fundamentally important for establishing the causes of the disease. This method made it possible to eliminate hypnosis from practice, and became the impetus for the creation of psychoanalysis.

1. Psychoanalytic organization

Freud identified three structures of the personality element: (“It” (lat. Id

), “I” (Ego, lat.
Ego
), “Super-Ego” (English: Super-ego).

According to Freud's concept, “It” is an unknown force that controls a person’s actions, at the same time being the basis for other manifestations of personality, serving as a kind of energy for them. “I” is the personification of the mind, this is the personality of a person, “I” exercises control over all processes, the main function is to maintain the relationship between instincts and actions. “Super-I” is one of the personality structures, along with “It” and “I”. I agree with Freud, the Super-I is responsible for moral and religious foundations; in the process of educating a person, morality and norms of behavior are formed.

1. Transfer (pernos), counter-transfer.

Transfer - the essence of transfer (transfer) is that previously experienced feelings and relationships (especially in childhood) can manifest themselves on a completely different person (i.e., a projection of early childhood relationships and desires onto another person).

Countertransference is the same system, only a manifestation of the transference from the therapist to the patient.

1. Oedipus complex, Electra complex.

The essence of the Oedipus complex is as follows: the boy experiences jealous feelings for his father and, consequently, sexual attraction to his mother.

Freud, delving deeper, divided the Oedipus complex into two types of manifestation - positive and negative. The negative Oedipus complex is manifested in the fact that a child after 6 years (after the phallic stage) showed love for a parent of the same sex and hostility towards the opposite.

The Electra complex is a female type of the Oedipus complex, expressed in girls' envy of the penis between the ages of 3-5 and envious attachment to the father and projecting the mother as a rival in the father's love. It all ends with the girl trying to compensate for her shortcomings with the desire to have children.

1. Psychosexual phases of development

Freud believed that human development is determined by his sexual instinct, “progressing from one erogenous zone to another during a person’s life.” At each stage of development (there are 5 in total), some part of the body and organ strives for actions that cause satisfaction and pleasure. These stages are experienced by everyone and do not depend on cultural upbringing or religion. Freud divided psychosexual phases into 5 types

Stage	Age period	Libido concentration zone	Tasks and experiences corresponding to this period of development
Oral	0—18 months	Mouth (sucking, biting, chewing)	Weaning; separation of oneself from the mother's body
Anal	1.5-3 years	Anus (holding or pushing out feces)	Toilet training (self-control)
Phallic	3-6 years	Genital organs (masturbation)	Identification with same-sex adults who act as role models
Latent	6-12 years	Absent (sexual inactivity)	Expanding social contacts with peers
Genital	Puberty - ... (the rest of your life)	Genital organs (heterosexual relationships)	Establishing intimate relationships or falling in love; making your labor contribution to society

1. Conscious, unconscious, preconscious

The unconscious as a derivative of repression - the content of which was repressed for some reason.

Freud believed that any mental process arose precisely in the unconscious area. The largest part of consciousness, according to Freud, was occupied by the unconscious area. Freud compared unconsciousness to a “large hallway”, and consciousness to a small room adjacent to it; between these rooms there is a “guard” who will decide who to let through and who not to but even if they let something into the hallway, he will not necessarily get there; there is an option to remain in the partition between two zones: directly consciousness and preconsciousness. Freud further identified two types of consciousness: lethal

and
repressed
. The latent is located in the zone of preconsciousness and has the opportunity to become consciousness without external effort. With the repressed it is a little more difficult, because it requires analytical work to move into the conscious zone.

1. Anxiety and defense mechanisms

Freud believed that the main problem of the human psyche is the need for relief from anxiety, which arises as a result of tension or irritation. Freud believed that defense is a mechanism that resists anxiety, which, unlike real actions aimed at eliminating problems, distorts reality or denies it.

Freud identified eight types of defense mechanisms, also noting that none of them appeared separately, one at a time, they were always combined. Freud saw these mechanisms as having a positive effect on the body, but it still remained a self-deception.

Freud identified the following mechanisms:

• Repression is a process that makes some psychological acts unconscious, but having the opportunity to be in the realm of consciousness.
• Projection is a defense mechanism that allows an individual to project his own thoughts, feelings, and behavior onto another person.
• Substitution is a process during which a more dangerous object is replaced by a less dangerous one.
• Rationalization is a logical explanation of one’s own actions, with the aim of justifying or hiding motives. In the course of rationalization, reality is distorted, mistakes are justified, and as a result, even irrational behavior looks reasonable
• Reaction formation is the individual's ability to respond to ambivalent feelings. Reactive formation is formed in two stages: first, some unacceptable impulse is supplied, it is suppressed, and its complete opposite appears.
• Regression is the degradation of an individual’s development, a return to more primitive ways of responding. Regression is a defense mechanism associated with a decrease in anxiety, a return to a safer period, i.e. childhood.
• Sublimation is the transition of internal, psychic energy from socially unacceptable to acceptable. This defense mechanism was considered, according to Freud, the only sensible explanation for the release of energy through other channels of expression - art, literature, sports, etc.
• Denial is a defense mechanism that denies some external, negative impact on the body by denying it. The essence of this mechanism is to create an acceptable illusion and accept it as reality.

1. Freud's philosophy on culture and religion

In his work "Cultural Dissatisfaction", Sigmund Freud said that man is in a complex and contradictory position. On the one hand, culture is the rules of human interaction with the outside world, with society, and on the other, a series of prohibitions in which “It” develops. Freud sees the most correct, best solution to this problem as strengthening the culture of scientific knowledge, that is, the development of science. Freud believed that science would help us discover the realities of this world, thereby increasing our power and reducing our suffering and helping us organize our lives. With the help of psychoanalysis, according to Freud, a person will be able to control unconscious actions, desires, help reduce the influence of the Id on the Self. But before this, there will be a separation of culture from religious views, since according to Freud, religion was an illusion that did not correspond to reality. Freud generally represented religion as OCD (obsessive-compulsive disorder), which will be overcome in the course of the development of society.

It should be noted that Freud's philosophy was ambiguous in many ways. On the one hand, he argued that ultimately reason and science will become the winner in the struggle for man, and on the other hand, he spoke about the incredible influence of instincts and the unconscious on man.

Conclusion

The influence of psychoanalysis on history, on various spheres of human activity, certainly had a greater influence. A new, still controversial branch of teaching has appeared in psychology - psychoanalysis. As for the influence of psychoanalysis on modern life, it has already become commonplace, just a tool in understanding the world around us and ourselves. Freudianism, at the beginning of its existence, continues to influence society today by exploring the problems of perception of the surrounding world, belief in God and the development of a person’s mental plane in general.

Bibliography

• Newspaper Bulletin of the Taganrog Institute of Management and Economics. Article “Modern problems of communication”, N.A. Savchenko, Worldview essence of philosophy and factology of psychoanalysis of S. Freud
• The phenomenon of the uncanny: the experience of the philosophy of reflection of Freud and Heidegger\\Link to the original article https://www.gramota.net/materials/3/2016/4-1/58.html
• Kosterina A. B., Shchupletsova E. Zh. Metaphysics of the hidden in living space // Bulletin of Perm University.
  Ser. Philosophy. Psychology. Sociology. 2013. No. 1 (13). pp. 66-72.
• Kazan State Energy University. Philosophy of Freudianism and Freud-Marxism: the role of man in the modern world.
• Freudianism \\ Wikipedia https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC
• Biography of Sigmund Freud \\ Wikipedia https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B4,_%D0%97%D0%B8%D0 %B3%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4
• Sigmund Freud's teachings about man, culture and religion \\ https://www.solecity.ru/philosophy/sigmind-freud

The body suffers, I suffer, everyone suffers

From a psychoanalytic perspective, the human body strives for homeostasis and health, for social aggregation/integration, just as it strives for self-enjoyment. It is a shimmering delight of language and speech. In the mid-1960s, Lacan, in the text already quoted here, emphasized that Freud invented psychoanalysis as a medical boundary in order to reveal the connection between the body as a biological machine and the enjoying body.

In general, for a clinician it is very similar to hand-to-hand combat. Enjoying himself - the body and his symptom, the subject is interested in the question of healing. Medicine feeds the modern subject's appetite for possible knowledge, speaks for the subject about what is wrong with him and why he is sick, sometimes even encroaching on knowledge of what the subjective meaning of his illness or symptom actually is.

If you are waiting for a standard prescription according to the ICD on how to cope with yourself in psychoanalysis, then this will not happen. Therefore, this is the first contraindication.

Illness has long been perceived as evil, morally evil. Diseases were stigmatized, patients were excluded from the society of “normal”, healthy people, a person’s illness was equal to his bad behavior, his ungodly thoughts... After the discovery of microbes, diseases received a material, objective embodiment. Hygiene and prevention appeared. A little later, the place of the microbial ontology of evil was taken by genes; in the mass consciousness, the causes of suffering and failure were now associated with the genome - science here is transformed into a religious belief in solving problems through the study of the genome and manipulations with it.

Thus, in the field of healing, the logic of the preventive and hygienic condition, the heir of epidemiology, as well as the logic of the market and the consumption of medicines, which now occupy a place in the cosmetic bag (with only one amendment - the cosmetic bag for health), are opposed to each other and connected with each other. Patients want a cure for their illness in the future more than right now. This race for health is an absurd caricature of the ironic “great health” that Nietzsche talks about in The Gay Science. We already have health, but the most important thing is to acquire it again and again. For Nietzsche, health is an imbalance, not a metrion; a balance that affirms not the prevention of disease, but the power of life in healing, beyond disease.

Psychoanalysis has been around for just over a hundred years. During this time, he significantly influenced modern culture, philosophy, psychiatry and gave rise to many areas of psychotherapy. In different countries and at different times, he experienced periods of rejection, enthusiastic idealization, acute disappointment and calm exploration. In Russia, oblivion and revival can be added to this list. Disappeared for almost everyone (except for narrow specialists) after a short period of rapid development in the 20s of the last century, psychoanalysis arose again during the period of “perestroika”.

Freud defined psychoanalysis as:

a) a way to study mental processes that are otherwise inaccessible;

b) a method of treating neurotic disorders based on this research;

c) a number of psychological constructs that arose as a result of this, constantly developing and emerging into a new discipline. (Freud Z., “Psychoanalysis and the theory of libido”)

The psyche in psychoanalysis is divided into consciousness and unconsciousness. The psychoanalyst proceeds from the fact that unconscious drives and desires predetermine a person’s thinking and behavior; consciousness is not the entire essence of the psyche. According to the ideas of Sigmund Freud, psychoanalysis is a research method based on identifying unconscious ideas, desires, conflicts based on the analysis of free associations, dreams, and unconscious actions. It is also a psychotherapeutic method based on this research, relying primarily on transference analysis. And, ultimately, this is a set of theories that systematize the data obtained through psychoanalytic research and treatment.

These theories describe the functioning of the human psyche in all its manifestations and are the basis of the psychoanalytic worldview. This understanding does not contrast the so-called normal psyche and the psyche of a mentally ill person. As Freud noted, he was unable to detect in his patients, including seriously ill people, any fantasies that he did not observe in dreams, in the unconscious fantasies of healthy people.

It is believed that there is nothing random in the psyche, and the events of the first years are of paramount importance for the rest of life. Freud introduced the concept of the Oedipus Complex (the manifestation of unconscious drives by a child, accompanied by the expression of feelings of love and hatred towards parents), which is not only the core of neuroses, but also the source of morality, morality, religion, society and culture. The mental apparatus, according to the theory, consists of three areas - the unconscious Id (drives and instincts that originate in the soma and manifest themselves in unconscious fantasies), the conscious I (carrying the functions of testing reality and controlling the demands of the Id, always striving to obtain pleasure at any cost ) and the hypermoral Super-I, personifying the authority of parents, social requirements and conscience.

Most mental and emotional disorders are associated in psychoanalysis with early childhood traumatic experiences, with unconscious drives and desires of a sexual and aggressive nature that conflict with moral and cultural norms. The mental conflicts that arise as a result can have a negative impact throughout the rest of one’s life if they do not find a complete outlet in creativity and research. Psychoanalysis provides ways to understand the meaning and significance of the unconscious in a person’s life, to reveal and understand the mechanisms of functioning of the human psyche. The main goal of psychoanalytic therapy is to help a person experiencing mental and mental suffering when he cannot independently understand, much less eliminate, the causes of his mental disorder. In clinical practice, psychoanalysis is aimed at eliminating neurotic symptoms by making the patient aware of his unconscious drives and desires with the goal of understanding and subsequent conscious resolution of intrapsychic conflicts.

Opponents of psychoanalysis reproached it for scientific inconsistency. However, today these reproaches can hardly be considered fair. Modern psychodynamic theory is built on provisions that have received numerous empirical confirmations. In particular, the existence of unconscious cognitive, affective and motivational processes, the ambivalence of affective and motivational dynamics and their parallel functioning, the origin of many personal and social problems in childhood, mental representations of “I” and “Others” and their relationships, and much more have been confirmed.

Psychoanalysis is both a science and an art, and occupies a middle place between medicine and philosophy.
Psychoanalysis continues to develop rapidly. Modern theoretical developments (for example, object relations theory) have significantly expanded the boundaries of psychoanalytic knowledge. Author: Sakhnovskaya Oksana Semenovna
Psychologist-psychoanalyst

Training Analyst and CPT Supervisor

Freud, the clinic and “analyzability”

Freud's psychoanalysis, as he himself notes, can

cure the symptoms of neurosis. Moreover, analytic experience can prevent the recurrence of symptoms and even allow a person to enjoy life - in work and love - but this does not at all mean happiness in his general understanding of happiness for everyone, for nothing and let no one leave offended...

But should the analysis apply to everyone? What about the fact that some subjects are, in analytical parlance, “unanalyzable”? A person who yearns for a cure in an analysis that goes far beyond mere symptom therapy (since the psychoanalyst, fortunately, does not prescribe drugs or tell you what to do), can undergo analysis with any satisfaction remaining beyond the horizon. This is what Freud called resistance. To heal someone suffering from neurosis from the point of view of psychoanalysis means to overcome resistance. And this interests Freud more than healing - what interferes with healing.

Might be interesting

Real death, symbolic conspiracy theories and an imaginary state. Psychoanalysis of a pandemic from Alexander Dugin and Jacques Lacan

Refusal of the question

It is worth saying that the modern clinic of psychoanalysis is a clinic of pleasure and a clinic of transference, as Lacan and Freud understand it. Transference is the activation of the sexual reality of the unconscious, that is, in the request for analysis, in the request for healing, what is important is the subject’s desire to find out what is not going well in his relationship with the sex and himself and others. This is a question of enjoying yourself.

Consequently, psychoanalysis is contraindicated for those who do not ask themselves such a question. Alexandre Stevens, a lecturer at the Brussels clinical section and founder of the Curtil children's clinic in Brussels, describes a case of refusal of psychoanalysis to a man whose life was full. Except for one thing. All fifteen sessions during which he came, he complained about his wife. This is a serious dramatic story filled with physical suffering, this woman's suicide attempts, but he is denied analysis. They refuse because in order to change your symptom, you need to take the other one - your partner - into account and not waver in your desire.

The analyst is not a master, not a decision-maker, and not someone who practices with you as a coach; he is rather neutral in relation to your choice. As Lacan puts it, psychoanalysis cures ignorance but is powerless against nonsense. And if we are talking about contraindications, then psychoanalysis is not suitable for those who would like to enjoy their suffering. And that's his right.

Article #3: Does psychoanalysis cure? Psychotherapy as an effect of analysis

Any judgment about something that you do not know and have not tried, by definition, serves only profanity and superstition. And the cliché about “expensive, long and without results” is a classic example of a half-truth. However, psychoanalysis is a truly specific enterprise, different, as we have already found out, from psychology and medicine. Therefore, let's figure out where such stereotypes come from, because there is no smoke without fire?

Moving away from the doctor model

Even before the creation of psychoanalysis, Freud made a serious conceptual choice by rejecting the then popular techniques such as hypnosis and the cathartic method. He rethinks the relationship between knowledge, technique and ethics as a psychotherapist. Both then and nowadays it is believed that a doctor can help a patient because he knows something about the problems and the mechanisms that create them. This knowledge occupies the most important place in the position of the healer, and since he not only treats, but also communicates with another person, this knowledge should be supplemented with moral norms, and in essence: the etiquette of interaction between a doctor and a patient.

However, the unconscious is a “black box”, and the psychotherapist has no way to see “how everything really works there,” and besides, it also resists. Freud abandoned hypnosis precisely because it is too much power over another person with complete ignorance of what exactly is causing the problems. A doctor who gives “therapeutic” instructions to a patient in a hypnotic state is simply shooting at random.

“Everyone who begins to engage in psychoanalysis is afraid above all of the difficulties that await him in interpreting the patient’s thoughts ... But he will soon become convinced of the insignificance of these difficulties and instead understand that the only and serious difficulties arise from the need to master the transference.” S. Freud

Therefore, according to Freud, a psychoanalyst begins not with knowledge, but with an ethical position - in relation to the client and, what is very important, the unconscious itself. Already in his early psychoanalytic works, he constantly repeats: deciphering and analyzing other people's contents is not as difficult as the ability to recognize and take into account transference. That is, the attitude or ethics of the analyst is more important and more difficult than the assimilation of psychoanalytic theory.

In fact, Freud discovered that one of the ways to at least somehow analyze and influence the unconscious of another person without blindness is to take the material of unconscious origin seriously and respectfully. That is, to dreams, slips of the tongue, free associations and especially to the client’s symptoms. Here we discover a noticeable divergence between the logic of psychoanalysis and the logic of treatment in psychiatry and psychotherapy. Psychoanalysis recognizes the symptom by seeing it as the work of a subject who has already invented something to solve his internal problems.

Even if this decision is not the most successful, because... sometimes it brings suffering, but this is also worthy of recognition and respect. That is, in a symptom, no matter how painful it may be, it is worth seeing the author with his unique style. Psychotherapy sees in a symptom only a problem that needs to be quickly eliminated or stopped. Therefore, the understanding of the term “ symptom ” in a psychoanalytic clinic and in clinical psychology will diverge significantly over time.

Analyst position

The analyst’s work is based on this: he works with the material that the client brings, which means that the speed of analysis depends on him to a very small extent. Anyone who has been in analysis knows well that it moves along its own trajectory, and sometimes “progress” happens very quickly, and sometimes quite the opposite. It depends only on the subject, on his ability to hear and accept what is in his own unconscious.

A psychoanalyst helps along this path, but cannot go through it for you. By the way, this is precisely what attracts many modern psi-practices that promise a quick effect: you do almost nothing yourself, a plumber of human souls comes and restores order. The only question that remains is: is this arrangement right for you?

Freud develops a position that can be called the ethical neutrality of the psychoanalyst. Its essence is not only respect for the symptom and the subject behind it, but also in suspending one’s own opinions and emotional reactions. Where morality condemns a person for some of his desires, psychoanalysis begins its work by recognizing the given (“yes, you have such a desire”) in order to give the person a chance to do something about it. Accepting what is without immediately running into your imaginary constructions about how it should be is actually quite difficult, and therefore requires special preparation from the analyst.

“Psychoanalysis is the kingdom of speech, there is no other medicine.” J. Lacan

Psychoanalysis does not treat, it analyzes. And the analysis in turn produces effects, one of which may be “cure”, “symptom relief” or “the feeling that I am doing well and no longer need analysis.” Jacques Lacan will passionately insist on this idea, because, in his opinion, the ideal of treatment rather interferes with the work of the psychoanalyst.

Firstly, because there is a high risk that, under the guise of cure, the psychoanalyst will begin to implicitly impose his ideas about health and well-being on the client.

And secondly, because psychoanalysis does not imply “restoration”, i.e. return to some pre-existing “healthy” state. In the course of analysis, one can only come to a new state in which there is working knowledge about oneself. And this means becoming a different person instead of the one who was before and did not have knowledge.

Jacques-Alain Miller will add one more remark to this: psychoanalysis civilizes (French civiliser - to civilize, to enlighten). Both at the level of society in which psychoanalysis exists, and at the level of individuals undergoing their analysis, psychoanalysis helps to soften morals. Along with understanding one's internal characteristics comes tolerance towards others, refinement of affects and a decrease in frustration, especially regarding society and its authorities. We can say that in analysis conditions are created for the self-education of the subject, or as Freud once said - “pre-education”. And no one else can re-educate an adult.

The psychoanalyst can help in this precisely because he himself is a product of his analysis, he is someone who has already acquired some knowledge about his unconscious desire. All our childhood fantasies and difficulties are always with us, because the unconscious knows no time. The only way to grow older, not at the level of masks and habits, but at the level of choices, actions and sensations, is to work through your personal history, discovering and understanding the hidden mechanisms that influence your life.

To summarize: psychoanalysis is not aimed at treating or getting rid of problems, it is aimed at self-knowledge and self-change, which allow you to either free yourself from suffering or change your attitude towards it. However, all this presupposes high demands both on analysts and on the subjects themselves going into analysis, which we will talk about in the next article.

Is this all because sexual relationships don't exist?

In the above case, the suffering was centered around sexual, non-existent relationships - and the false satisfaction of the neurosis with transference love was for Freud the best proof that a human being is most hurt by his own sex.

For Lacan, transference serves as proof that love compensates for the absence of sexual relations. In psychoanalysis, the formula “absence of sexual relations” is understood as a question in place of any predetermined connection between the sexes. The trauma of sexuality is individual for each subject. There is no recipe for a happy love, relationship, life. Each of us invents his own way - the subject’s invention, in essence, is its symptom. And the symptom of psychoanalysis differs from the symptom in the medical clinic, since it is a constitutive feature of each, but nevertheless it can and does lead to suffering.

"Good" analyst

This, of course, does not discredit either transference or love, if we do not neglect the emptiness of meaning around what they themselves trigger (around non-relationships, lack of sexual connection). Resistance can also be the resistance of the psychoanalyst, especially if he is or wants to be an analyst who is good for his patient, a psychoanalyst who wants to be the right psychoanalyst, smart, the best, witty, graceful (underline as appropriate) - or, even worse, to be an excellent psychoanalyst for everyone, for example, for society, a country, a work group.

According to Freud, if the psychoanalyst does not heal, if the analysis remains an endless process, then most often this is due to the effect of the arrogance of the psychoanalyst who refuses to treat the other person.

Therefore, there is a desire to attribute cases of healing to God, the unconscious, another analyst - and in case of failure, this is also a reason to blame them all for the failure.

He refuses because...

Let us dwell in more detail on the figure of the psychoanalyst, and, ultimately, on his desire. We cannot talk about contraindications to psychoanalysis without taking into account the likelihood of error on the part of the psychoanalyst. If we look at the situation from the psychoanalyst's point of view, it is worth noting that the psychoanalyst is part of the symptom due to the fact that the speech, the symptom, is addressed to him, and we need to take into account that he must have some knowledge that will help decipher this symptom

.

On the part of the subject requesting the analysis, the subject's participation in his complaint is part of his symptom

. The immediate conclusion is that the assessment of contraindications to testing or the impact of testing on a symptom depends on what the person says about it. The so-called therapeutic effects of the test must first be assessed as possible indications or contraindications for the test.

Thus, the presence of reason and desire for analysis must be assessed in each case individually. The analyst, of course, may be tempted to take advantage of the weakness of the subjective position, doubts, but then this will be a false path, an intellectual deception, a trick and a concession to stupidity. A good analysis or a failed analysis always depends on the patient's agreement with methods and decisions individually specific to each clinical structure separately.

If psychoanalysis does not cure, then what is the point?

As Lacan writes, in the practice of psychoanalysis, the psychoanalyst must beware of misusing the desire to heal. We find traces of this reflection in Lacan's early seminars, and the most radical formulation can be read in the seminar “The Ethics of Psychoanalysis.” The desire to be cured “by its nature leads us astray and knocks us down in the blink of an eye.” The desire to be cured can immediately make the situation worse. Lacan believes that it is better to “identify the psychoanalyst's desire as an unwillingness to treat.” The historical prerequisites for such a statement lie in the transformation of the theory of the psychoanalytic act.

Initially, psychoanalysis was based on speech, on symbolization, healing the subject by the very experience of free speaking and listening. Healing was understood as a journey towards a new meaning for a painful symptom. Later, in the Anxiety seminar, Lacan debunks his first argument by saying that healing is a side effect of analysis and introducing the dimension of error into experience. It is in a certain failure that the subject instantly finds the reality of his unconscious. In what follows, Lacan will replace the initial concern with healing the subject with the more subtle formulation of “improving the condition of the subject.”

And the next contraindication to analysis can be formulated as follows: the analyst does not provide the analysand with the opportunity to analyze, without being sure that he will provide him with a more advantageous position.

Who needs your psychoanalysis?

Once again I received the question why I bothered to study psychoanalysis, why I have been crawling to an analyst with manic persistence for N years, why I constantly go to seminars and conferences if this does not increase my income. And once again I could not give an intelligible answer. Indeed, who needs all this, are there really idiots (besides me and others like me) who would agree to pay grandma for “heart-to-heart conversations.” After all, there are friends, relatives, and finally alcohol. After all, everyone knows that “The best psychologist is a friend with a bottle.” Such questions have always left me confused. I really would like to have 2-3 routine, but preferably convincing, phrases in stock... But they are not there. And in response to such surprises, I’m already accustomed to looking stupid and babbling something like “not everyone has friends.” And so I decided to sit down and formulate an answer. Once and for all. If possible. It may not work, but I'll try anyway.

First, a few childhood memories. Throughout my conscious childhood, I was terribly, to the point of panic, afraid of the dark and the Krauts under the bed. In particularly critical cases, my grandmother would go into the bedroom with me and hold my hand until I passed out. Then this was her favorite story, recalled in context: “Now that she’s grown up, she doesn’t need a grandmother, but before...”. And everything was always accompanied by a condescending laugh: “What a fool, she’s afraid of the dark.” I was treated well, loved as best they could, perhaps even loved too much... But in our family it was not customary to talk to children “about feelings” (and it seems to me that in our society there were no such traditions at all). About the rules of behavior - yes, about safety measures - yes! But about nonsense like night terrors... Here you can only snort contemptuously, because who would think about such trifles.

Next is the child, i.e. I grew up, and so did my fears. The heroes of the nightmare have changed, but the panic has not gone away. Only it was accompanied by a feeling of shame, because I’m such an idiot, at 15 years old I’m afraid of the dark and I can’t watch horror films, because... Then I won’t have to sleep for a long time. It drove me crazy and did not improve my school performance or self-confidence. Then the thought began to regularly occur to me that I needed help, and perhaps the help of a specialist. Where can I get it?

Options:

1. Tell mom. My mother was still democratic then. Nope, it's immediately dismissed. Because immediately an image of her pops up, a little indignant, a little condescending, and uttering something about nonsense and a rich imagination. And behind it is another image: panic, horror on the mother’s face, caused by her daughter’s madness. Plus, in a day, all my relatives, all my mother’s colleagues and the entire environment will know about my “secret”. In general, I still don’t know what her reaction would be, because I never decided to tell her anything.
2. Telling your sister or friend is a definite no. He'll kill you. And there is also no guarantee that the whole school will not know.
3. Go to a pub where you live. Oh God!!! I will be registered as mentally ill, and after some time the whole of Uralmash knows about it.

And again, the fear of inhuman shame joins the nightly fears, and the teenager’s friend is shame. So I went crazy alone. Now I understand that neither my mother nor my friend would talk about this left and right, and psychiatrists do not disseminate information about patients and, out of the blue, do not write people down as “hopeless psychos.” But then - this was my mental teenage reality, I did not feel safe. If there is no security, you won’t be naked. Especially exposing what hurts.

Here it is, the first thing a psychoanalyst (psychologist, psychotherapist, psychiatrist, whatever you want) gives is safety . When it comes to strong, deep and painful experiences, emotional safety is as important as sterility in the operating room during abdominal surgery.

Well, you must admit, if you cut your finger in the forest, you take a first aid kit and treat the cut. And at the same time you can show it to everyone around you, let them blow on the wound, sterility is not required here. The main thing is to “disinfect” and bandage it in time. As a last resort, damage in a “hard to reach place” can be treated by someone nearby. The same rules apply for rare ailments and mild pain, which can be relieved with a tablet or ointment, and for toothache, which can be relieved by rinsing. It is unlikely that you will go to the doctor in such a situation unless you are a hypochondriac. But if you have a severe injury, flux, suppuration, acute pain or a chronic disease, you will still go to the doctor. It’s stupid to think that when dealing with mental pain and suffering, you should act differently. There are situations that a person can survive on his own, and there are those where the support of loved ones is needed. And there are feelings, thoughts, fantasies and God knows what else that a person is not able to come into contact with at all. It causes pain and suffering, but “something” does not allow you to experience it yourself or share it with others. This is especially true for experiences associated with shame and guilt. In order to come into contact with these things, you need that same safety. And it's not just a matter of confidentiality. Safety also implies complete acceptance of a person with all his cockroaches. Security is the confidence that there is always someone, in the same place, at the same time, in the same office, with the doors closed. And this someone is ready to listen to all your nonsense, all your fears, look at all the “skeletons in your closet”, count and look at all your cockroaches with respect, and at the same time will neither laugh, nor judge, nor get scared, nor try to leave you and run away. He will withstand anything, and thereby help you learn to withstand all your “unbearable intolerances.” This someone will be ready to empathize, support, help you sort out the confusion of thoughts and feelings, he will always serve your development. And he will never demand reciprocal service, because everything that you achieved in his office, you achieved yourself. He was simply there and provided emotional support. He shined his psychoanalytic lantern where you couldn’t shine it, or it didn’t even occur to you to shine it.

My usual unintelligible answer is “when there are no friends . One must think that people who have friends have never met such people. This does not mean that such people do not exist. And we return to safety again. Because The lack of friends and normal relationships with other people is a consequence of problems with trust. It's hard to trust the enemy. It is clear that for me this issue is incredibly important, otherwise why would I be talking about safety now? But there must be something besides security. But I'm afraid that everything will come to her.

I’ll try to look at the main problems that people came to me with:

• betrayal, abandonment and inability to enter into a relationship for fear of experiencing it again;
• loss of a loved one, difficulty getting out of codependency;
• resentment, the inability to cope with one’s “touchiness” and the associated low adaptive abilities of the child;
• promiscuity, as the inability to enter into a stable relationship, the search for an ideal;
• inability to get out of traumatic relationships;
• inability to enter into a relationship, again the search for an ideal;
• adultery, guilt, fear of condemnation and “remembering”;
• aggression, fear of one’s own destructiveness;
• inability to forgive, self-destructive vindictiveness; etc.

In some cases, I really couldn't understand why I was there. For example, a person suffers from a specific situation that he himself once created. In my almost silent presence, he himself realized the reasons and motives for his behavior, voiced his feelings and experiences, assessed the options for the development of events, his strengths, risks, as well as the sacrifices he is ready to make to get out of this situation... I’m not exactly playing a role here. psychoanalyst, I could barely even play the role of a coach! When I asked why he turned to me if he understood everything himself, he answered me: I need to share this with someone. The man simply needed an additional resource to mobilize his own brain activity, suppressed by confusion and shame. He was not ready, even over a bottle of vodka, to tell anyone from his circle that he had cheated on his wife. The logic of his thought was as follows: the point is not that his friend can judge him, he himself is walking. But: a friend will not consider his experiences deep and justified, he may spill the beans. And the dissemination of information will hit his wife’s pride even more, and then it will be much more difficult to correct the situation! At that moment I felt a sincere feeling of gratitude towards this man. I didn’t understand why! Now I understand.

A psychoanalyst gives a person an additional resource where his resource is insufficient or unavailable. Unfortunately, not everyone is able to “connect to the resource” so easily and quickly. In the situation described above, the man did not bring any deep and lasting suffering into therapy and a few meetings were enough for him to resolve the pressing issue, but otherwise he was satisfied and successful. But where there is a ban on touching any feelings, experiences and experiences, this additional resource is simply necessary. In a therapeutic situation, the analyst is able to experience feelings that the client, for some reason, is unable to experience. But he is able to touch the forbidden in a safe situation and feel that nothing will happen to him for it.

But I can hardly say this when answering a skeptic’s question. Because it will look like a plot from a battle of psychics. The saying “one head is good, but 2 is better” will come to the rescue. But this is in the strange case if the second head can only be taken here.

There is only one answer: there are people who need help, and I can help them, I want to help them, I like to be useful. I can provide security, support, and resource. Of course, within the limits of my limited capabilities, for I am not a wizard and I’m not even studying. Those who I cannot help will certainly be helped by my more talented colleagues.

I don’t think that at this stage I have achieved anything convincing, but I will return to this issue later.

Not healing, but unwillingness

Since healing in general remains for Lacan an appearance and appearance, he proposes in analysis the path of not wanting to heal in order to avoid the impasse with the desire to heal, since it is implied that your illness and your suffering are your choice and a way of coping with the intolerable question of existence. This reluctance should not be confused with the desire not to be treated. The second occurs rather from the side of inaction and ignorance, the opposite of what the psychoanalytic act brings with it - the invention of new knowledge about oneself. This also echoes what Buddhism associates transitive desire, the desire for something in general, with suffering.

The path of reluctance is access to the awakening of another desire, when the material desire of this or that, in this case, a cure for an illness, serves us to lull the desire. Thus, the reluctance to be cured leaves room for this “treatment,” which psychoanalysis itself presents as access to the reality of the unconscious, a way to cope with the impasses of pleasure.

Not wanting to be cured is what comes closest to what Freud discovered: the analyzing subject is also one who doesn't want to be cured. In addition, life itself does not want to heal. The pleasure of the body does not want to disappear. However, the subject, the body, is always mistaken about the object of its suffering and pleasure because it is misled by the objects of desire. Objects of consumption deceive us: they do not cure us of the symptom of human pleasure. And, as we found out earlier, treatment in psychoanalysis is not the main experience. A symptom in psychoanalysis is not something that requires elimination, but something that answers the question of your existence as a person.

So, contraindications to psychoanalysis, like indications for it, depend, in essence, on the decision of the subject to come into analysis with suffering and honestly talk about it - its significant history, its suffering, its structure and its questions to itself will be the guides and methods . The experience of psychoanalysis is not for everyone, but it is possible for everyone if there is a desire to know the reason why you are who you are. Lacan’s famous formula – “everyone is delusional” – is precisely about this. Psychoanalysis is permission to own your own delirium.

Freud as the founder of psychoanalysis. About Freud

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Psychoanalysis, Method, Patient, Person, Hypnosis, Cause, Treatment, Sigmund Question No. 17 “Freud as the founder of psychoanalysis. Psychoanalysis as a method of treatment."

Freud as the founder of psychoanalysis. About Freud.

Sigmund Freud (1856 - 1939) - Austrian psychologist, founder of the psychoanalytic school, psychotherapist, who spoke at the beginning of the 20th century. with a new unconventional vision of man and culture, the creator of a movement that has become known under the name of depth psychology and psychoanalysis (a psychoanalytic method of treating neurologically ill people).

Freud was born in the town of Freiberg in Moravia (then a province of Austria) on May 6, 1856. Entered the medical faculty of the University of Vienna in 1873. He worked in therapeutic and psychiatric clinics in Vienna, with Charcot in Paris, with Bernheim in Nancy. In 1881 he received the degree of Doctor of Medicine. Together with Josef Breuer, he developed a cathartic method for treating neuroses. In 1895, their book “Studies in Hysteria” was published. It is customary to trace the history of psychoanalysis from her. Since 1902 - professor at the University of Vienna. He devoted more than forty years to the development of the theory and practice of psychoanalysis. Works: “Interpretation of Dreams” (1899), “Psychopathology of Everyday Life” (1901), “Totem and Taboo” (1913), “Lectures on Introduction to Psychoanalysis” (1917), “Psychology of Masses and Analysis of the Human Self” (1921 ), “I” and “It” (1923), “The Future of an Illusion” (1927), “Dissatisfaction in Culture” (1930) and others. In 1930 he was awarded the Goethe Prize, in 1936 he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Scientific Society (London).

Freud is called a scientist, a seer, and the founder of a new direction in science. His name is associated with the concept of the unconscious in the human psyche. His theory has enriched many areas of modern knowledge.

On the way to the creation of psychoanalysis. Initially, Freud treated patients with the methods of physiotherapy accepted at that time. It was believed that since the nervous system is a material organ, the painful changes that occur in it must have material causes. Therefore, they should be eliminated through physical procedures, influencing the patient with heat, water, electricity, etc. However, very soon Freud began to experience dissatisfaction with these physiotherapeutic procedures, because the effectiveness of the treatment left much to be desired, and he thought about the possibility of using other methods of treatment . Having come to the conclusion that a person’s mental life is constantly shaken by conflicts that require resolution, Freud set himself the task of identifying and revealing the internal dramas playing out in the depths of the human psyche. Freud brought to the fore vital questions that never ceased to worry people - about the complexity of a person’s inner world, about the mental conflicts he experiences, about the consequences of unsatisfied instincts, about the contradictions between “desired” and “ought.” For decades, immersed in the analysis of the causes of the illnesses of his patients who suffered from neuroses, Freud sought ways of cure by influencing not the body (although organic symptoms are observed in neuroses), but the personality.

6 pages, 2914 words

Sigmund Freud psychoanalysis

Contents Introduction 1 The life path of Sigmund Freud 2 The concept of psychoanalysis 3 The main ideas of psychoanalysis 4 Conclusion 5 List of used literature Introduction The life path of Sigmund Freud Sigmund Freud was born on May 6, 1856 in Freiburg, a provincial town, in the family of a small merchant. Soon the Freud family moved to Leipzig and then to Vienna. S. Freud grew up in a family in which religious ...

From his works it followed that, ignoring the motivational-personal principle in a person, which has its own history and complex structure, it is impossible to find out what is disturbed in the organization of behavior, and without knowing this, it is impossible to return a person to normal. Freud studied anatomy and physiology for a long time, but this knowledge did not provide the necessary answers to a number of pressing questions, in particular the question of the origin of some neurotic diseases. New paths were needed, and the decisive moment in the history of psychoanalysis was the fact of Freud's acquaintance with the phenomenon of hypnosis. Freud paid great attention to the methods of treating hysteria carried out by his colleague and friend Joseph Breuer. One of these methods was the method of hypnosis. Breurer called it the ancient Greek word “catharsis” (purification).

Having mastered the basics of hypnosis, Freud began treating patients with this method, which sometimes brought good results. As it turns out, mental illness can be caused by traumatic situations, most often dating back to early childhood. However, Freud soon became convinced that patients' recovery was often partial. Freud soon abandoned this method for two reasons. Firstly, not all patients succumbed to hypnosis and secondly, Freud discovered that after some time the symptoms returned or others appeared. Thus, Freud decided to abandon hypnosis. Freud believed that it was enough to get the patient to concentrate on a certain thought. He demanded to remember the cause of the disease and, to enhance the effect, placed his hand on the patient’s forehead. Freud soon abandoned his technique, allowing the patient to simply say whatever came into his head, without applying any stimulating pressure. The patient was given the opportunity to figure out his problem himself, understand why it arose and find a way out of the situation himself, without in any way giving him advice or imposing his own opinion on how he should act. This is how the method of free association appeared.

8 pages, 3890 words

Psychoanalysis and the problem of man. Genius and madness

551-8460 ABSTRACT ON PHILOSOPHY ON THE TOPIC: Psychoanalysis and the problem of man. “...

Freud discovered problems, mental mechanisms, phenomena, facts relating to the regulation of human behavior, which represents the complex and mysterious area of ​​​​the unconscious psyche. Freud called his teaching psychoanalysis, after the method he developed for diagnosing and treating neuroses. Freud first spoke about psychoanalysis in 1896, and a year later he began to conduct systematic observations and introspections, which he recorded in diaries until the end of his life. Freud's psychoanalytic teaching was focused entirely on human existence, on the motives of human behavior in the world around us. Freud's research, which aimed to study hitherto unknown elements of the human psyche, addressed not only the problems of neurotic diseases, but also other well-known social phenomena, including psychology. In a number of his works, Freud touched upon issues that were not previously within the scope of interests of classical psychology, but Freud's psychoanalysis became a universal psychological discipline in terms of research. Freud developed the technique of psychoanalysis as a method of treating mental illness. He formulated a theory of the structure of human personality, developed psychological theories concerning excitability, defense mechanisms, and depression. Freud attached great importance to understanding the inner world of man, identifying those driving forces that from the inside set the direction of human development. Such driving forces in classical psychoanalysis are recognized as human drives. All Freud's efforts were focused on revealing their nature. Psychoanalysis as a method of treatment

Concept of psychoanalysis

Initially, this concept, introduced by Freud in 1896 in an article published in French on the etiology of neuroses, meant a certain therapeutic technique. Then it became the name of the science of the unconscious mental activity of man. Freud's own works contain numerous definitions of this method. Is psychoanalysis a science capable of objectively studying and explaining human unconscious drives and desires? Does it represent the art of interpreting dreams, literary texts, and cultural phenomena? Or is psychoanalysis one of the treatment methods used in psychotherapy? The answers to these questions depend on the angle from which Freud's psychoanalytic teaching about man and culture is viewed. In various works of Freud, the following definitions of psychoanalysis are found: 1. Psychoanalysis is part of psychology as a science. It is an indispensable tool for scientific research. 2. Psychoanalysis is a tool that makes it possible for the “I” to master the “It”. Any research that recognizes the facts of transference (transfer) and resistance as the starting points of the work can be called psychoanalysis. It is an auxiliary means of research in various areas of spiritual life. 3. Psychoanalysis is not a scientific research free from bias, but a therapeutic technique. This is one of the types of self-knowledge. 4. Psychoanalysis is the art of interpreting erroneous actions, dreams, and symptoms of diseases. This is something between medicine and philosophy. 5. And finally, psychoanalysis is a method of treating nervous patients. Thus, the range of interpretations of psychoanalysis by Freud himself is quite extensive, and among various researchers there are still discussions about what psychoanalysis is.

7 pages, 3211 words

Freud's Psychoanalysis 3

... clinical practice of research and treatment of neuroses, while psychoanalysis is a philosophical doctrine about man, social philosophy. Many aspects of Freud's teachings are taken from his own... life. To the main methodological means in psychoanalysis...

About psychoanalysis as a method of treatment.

What is psychoanalysis as a method of treatment? According to Freud, psychoanalysis, which is both a method of research and a method of treatment, originated as a therapy. We can say that it brings order to the conscious and subconscious and restores the connection between them. With its help, it is possible to correct the sad consequences of psychological trauma that people received in the past. Psychoanalysis is carried out under certain standard conditions, called the “psychoanalytic situation”. The patient is asked to lie down on the couch, face away from the therapist, and tell the therapist in detail and honestly about all the thoughts, images, and feelings that come to mind. The psychoanalyst listens to the patient without criticizing or expressing his own judgments. Each element of thinking or behavior is observed and evaluated in the context of the story being told. The personality of the psychoanalyst himself, his values ​​and judgments are completely excluded from the therapeutic interaction. This organization of the psychoanalytic situation creates conditions under which the patient’s thoughts and images can emerge from very deep layers of the psyche. They arise as a result of the constant internal dynamic pressure of drives that give rise to unconscious fantasies (dreams, free associations, etc.).

26 pages, 12767 words

Psychoanalysis about cinema and cinema about psychoanalysis

... other phenomena affect a person psychologically. I will describe the development of the relationship between cinema and psychoanalysis, the psychoanalytic methodology of film criticism... the obstacles and resistance that are present in each case of treatment. The film would be built around a deep psychological situation, ... Samuel Goldwyn for his collaboration in the film. Z. Freud rejected this proposal without hesitation. However, the views...

As a result, what was previously repressed is verbalized and can be studied. However, Freud recommended the use of psychoanalysis not only and not so much as psychotherapy, but because of the explanations it contains that psychoanalysis gives about what concerns a person primarily, namely his essence. Practicing psychoanalysis as a method of treatment, Freud not only became convinced of the decisive role of traumatic memories in the etiology of neurotic diseases, but also made an assumption about the predominantly sexual nature of these memories. At first, Freud believed that such patients had been sexually abused as children, but then came to the conclusion that we were talking about childhood fantasies on sexual themes. The psychoanalyst’s task was to bring the repressed material to the patient’s consciousness, overcoming the patient’s own resistance. In the process of therapeutic practice, Freud encountered such a phenomenon as “transference” or “transfer”. It represents the patient's unconscious recovery of a new version of forgotten childhood memories and repressed unconscious fantasies. The patient transfers his unconscious childhood desires to the psychoanalyst. In this respect, transference is a repetition in miniature of the neurotic process.

In order to understand where the symptom came from, it was necessary to turn to the past, and memories of the past are very often associated with childhood, relationships with parents, and peers. Therefore, Freud believed that the cause of the disease should be sought precisely in childhood. Transference was an important part of psychoanalytic treatment, so Freud and his followers traditionally paid a lot of interest to the study of transference. Freud discovered that associations in the free association method were not always so free. Sooner or later, patients reached a certain point, beyond which they could not or did not want to go. According to Freud, such resistance indicated that there were memories of which the patient was ashamed or disgusted. In this case, resistance acts as a form of protecting consciousness from too painful experiences. This is how the phenomenon of resistance emerged (refusal to reveal too painful memories using the free association method).

7 pages, 3434 words

Treatment in psychiatry

Antidepressants Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (tricyclic antidepressants and selective inhibitors): Mechanism of action: increase noradrenergic and serotonergic activity as a result of suppressing the reuptake of both neurotransmitters; They also have anticholinergic, antihistamine effects and alpha-adrenergic receptor antagonism. Amitriptyline...

Freud's discovery of this phenomenon led him to formulate one of the most important principles of psychoanalysis - the principle of suppression (the process of blocking and displacing from consciousness ideas, memories or desires that are unacceptable for any reason. At the same time, these memories and desires continue to exist, but at the level of the unconscious (unconscious was interpreted as a sphere saturated with the energy of libido, a blind instinct that knows nothing except the principle of pleasure that a person experiences when this energy is discharged)).

According to Freud, the principle of repression is the only acceptable explanation for the phenomenon of resistance. Unpleasant ideas or impulses are pushed out of consciousness and forcibly kept outside of it. The doctor’s task in such a situation is to help the patient restore repressed material in consciousness. This gives the person the opportunity to face these experiences and learn to control them. In clinical practice, one constantly has to deal with a similar situation when, thanks to the mechanisms of repressing one’s desires, a person only formally copes with internal conflicts. In fact, he simply withdraws from reality, immerses himself in the illusory and fantastic world he has created. The escape from an unsatisfactory reality ends, as Freud put it, in “flight into illness.” Neurotic diseases are a typical example of such a “flight into illness,” indicating unsuccessful attempts by a person to resolve his internal conflicts. Freud makes the following comparison: “Imagine that a man is riding a donkey along a narrow path laid on a steep cliff slope. Suddenly a lion appears at a bend. The situation is hopeless: the path is so narrow, and the lion is so close that it is no longer possible to turn back and escape.

23 pages, 11342 words

Psychoanalysis by Sigmund Freud. Conscious and unconscious. Justification of culture as the sublimation of eros

... a generalization of psychoanalysis - Freudianism - has become a doctrine invading the sphere of philosophy and cultural studies. The essence of Freud's discovery is that Freud discovered the unconscious in man. ABOUT …

A person considers himself doomed to inevitable death. He has no choice but to passively await his death or, gathering his strength, engage in a fight with a lion, although the chances of survival are negligible. This is not how a donkey behaves. Faced with danger, he and the man sitting on him rush into the abyss. The lion remains, as they say, with his nose. But for a person, the outcome turns out to be disastrous, since he does not even have time to enter the fight for his life.” With this comparison, Freud emphasizes that the help provided by neurosis gives no better results for a person than a donkey trying to avoid death from an angry lion. So such resolution of intrapersonal conflicts cannot be considered effective. The best way out of the situation is for a person to mobilize all his forces with the goal of consciously, rather than unconsciously, resolving conflicts that arise in life. Such mobilization of one’s own forces presupposes a person’s awareness of his unconscious drives. Psychoanalysis is the means through which help can be provided to people in need in translating the unconscious into consciousness. “Where It was, there must be an I” - this is the main maxim of classical psychoanalysis.

The goal of psychoanalytic therapy is to replace stereotypical, automated ways of responding to anxiety and fears with objective, reasonable judgment. Conducting psychoanalytic therapy makes it possible to show the patient what exactly in his behavior is determined by unconscious desires, conflicts and fantasies, and what by more mature ways of responding. In psychoanalysis, work is carried out at the level of the unconscious, i.e. the patient is helped to understand and realize the cause of a given symptom or illness. If the patient himself understands why the problem arose, what is the reason for its occurrence, then, as usual, the symptom, as a consequence of this problem, goes away on its own. Therefore, the distinctive feature of psychoanalysis or the method of free association from hypnosis is that if the patient consciously comes to the origins of his illness and realizes the cause of his illness, then it disappears forever, while hypnosis is a kind of “violent” intervention in unconscious. In other words, consciousness does not accept this information and after some time “defends itself” by resuming this symptom or modifying it into another. Another significant aspect of the therapeutic method in Freudian psychoanalysis is the analysis of dreams.

According to Freud, dreams are a disguised form of gratification of repressed desires. Their essence is to serve as a kind of fulfillment of desire. Dreams have both explicit and hidden, latent content. Explicit content is what a person talks about his dream, recalling the events that happened in the dream. However, the real meaning of a dream lies in its latent part and is revealed only in the process of symbolic interpretation. According to Freud, patients can express their repressed desires - the latent content of dreams - exclusively in symbolic form. And although some of these symbols are of a personal nature and relate only to a given patient, nevertheless, a significant part of the symbols are inherent in all people. The question of the effectiveness of psychoanalysis as a method of treating mental disorders remains open. Its supporters are convinced that psychoanalysis is an effective means of treatment where psychiatry, focused on drug treatment, is powerless. Its opponents believe that psychoanalysis is an expensive pleasure that does not bring real recovery... Of course, it happens that psychoanalysis does not lead to healing. Although more often it leads to great success.

Before Freud, scientific studies of human behavior focused on either the physiological basis and factors of this process, or its dependence on consciousness. Psychology itself, which arose as an independent field of knowledge, different from philosophy and physiology, was understood as the science of consciousness, of those phenomena of the inner world that an individual is able to perceive clearly and distinctly and give self-report about them. Experimental psychology was based on such self-reports of the subject. It was assumed that no one can establish a psychic fact with such reliability as someone who directly experiences it, who reports about it, directing his inner “eye” to what is happening in his own consciousness. Freud, having overcome this understanding of the psyche, put forward the assumption that, along with consciousness, there is a deep area of ​​unconscious mental activity, without studying which it is impossible to understand the nature of this activity. The merit of Sigmund Freud lies in the fact that he was not afraid to look at human psychology from a completely different perspective. And even though many of Freud’s hypotheses were too bold, and some were even erroneous, I think this helped Freud in creating his famous method of free association. I believe that the psychoanalytic treatment method developed by Freud is a great achievement of medicine in the 20th century. And, despite the fact that the origin of psychoanalysis is associated with the names of a number of outstanding scientific figures, the dominant role in the origin and development of the new psychological discipline belongs to only one person - Sigmund Freud.