How does prostration manifest itself?
This state is akin to numbness. A person may not change his position for several hours, look at one point and feel absolutely nothing. In particularly difficult cases, important physical reflexes, such as the feeling of hunger, may disappear. There is a loss of strength and absolute apathy towards everything. In this state there is no bad mood, no feelings of any kind. This is what distinguishes prostration from depression. Speech and motor retardation may also occur.
Prostration - what is it?
Prostration can be described as a state of exhaustion of the body, loss of strength and depression, absent-mindedness and weakness. A person can stay in it for a certain number of days or for many months. This is a numbness that covers the entire body, and some inhibition of speech, thoughts, movements occurs, and the reaction to various external stimuli decreases. A person in a state of prostration is not interested in anything, does not worry or amuses. He does not care. This is when the gaze is focused on one point, when you look for 5 minutes and realize that several hours have passed, this is a state of not feeling time. A period of relaxation and weakness, when the head is filled with fog and there is some kind of veil before the eyes. Some people associate this deviation with depression, but this is not correct. Completely different things - depression and prostration. What is it then? Prostration can be called, rather, not a state of melancholy, but exhaustion, a kind of dullness. Many people wonder why it occurs? Most likely, prostration can be considered a natural defense of the body; it supposedly switches all its functions to an energy-saving mode.
Signs and causes
A sign of this condition can be a long stay in one position with your eyes fixed on a specific point. “Here” there are no emotions and feelings, desires and thoughts and a thoughtless state with a feeling of emptiness is formed.
Prostration can occur due to the presence of a serious illness, fasting or a strict diet, as well as due to an insufficient amount of vitamin in the diet, which the subject eats at the time of experiencing severe stress - both mental and physical.
What is prostration and why can it appear? Answering this question, it is worth noting that this is a certain form of protection of the body on an unconscious level. This is avoiding unnecessary efforts and accumulating energy to function in a “smoldering state.” Thinking processes slow down.
Methods of healing
In the fight against prostration, the main way will be general strengthening of the whole body. You should also conduct a diagnosis to rule out the presence of other diseases that contribute to lethargy and loss of strength. An inevitable step will be to take vitamin complexes that fill all the cells of the body with energy and health. During the day, you need to control the amount you drink, because a lack of it dehydrates the body. Walking in the fresh air and light physical exercise will help here. In addition to vitamins, it is recommended to take eleutherococcus tincture; it can improve the general condition of the body, add energy and strength. Getting enough sleep will help you get out of this state. Meditation will be effective in combating prostration; it will help restore clarity to the head and vital energy to the body. Positive emotions will be a fundamental element in treatment; they are the most effective means to bring a person out of this so-called period of oblivion. And also try to accept the state of prostration as a certain step in your own life, which will be a useful reboot for the body. In protracted and difficult cases, you should consult a psychologist or psychoanalyst to avoid cyclical states of suppression and loss of strength.
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Meaning of the word prostration
Examples of the use of the word prostration in literature.
It is as if prostration takes the place of restlessness and anxiety, making the patient look like a corpse.
Like Rhus, Arsenic has restlessness, prostration and severe abdominal symptoms.
The scout was having fun with the three suit systems available to him, while Atman was simply sitting at the table, plunged into a kind of prostration.
And when we left, the secretary was reclining on a leather sofa in deep prostration, and from the expression of her great martyr’s face it was clear that she had a terrible migraine and that today she would take the ballot for three days.
Then vanity, panic, tears began, since none of the family members could imagine such a turn of events, and he himself fell into complete prostration, not understanding how it was that he, the owner of a dark green uniform, rank, position and salary, earned by him in a difficult way and loyal diligence, how can they force him to go to the congress and blame him, and who?
The patient plunges into prostration, he is pale, the face of Hippocrates is often noted, and death is possible.
In typhoid fever, this remedy is characterized by prostration that is deeper than usual, and in typhoid fever it is always quite strong.
The patient is in prostration, he is anxious and weakened, the fever is mild, and there is severe dry mouth.
From the sonic boom, the Plyugavian in a crookedly sewn green uniform fell into prostration.
As soon as they drink wine or another strong drink, trembling, agitation, mental weakness and prostration immediately appear.
Characterized by physical and mental prostration, paralytic in nature.
Prolonged melancholy, depression, hysterical symptoms, crying, mental prostration and despair, combined with pain in the heart, with a feeling that everything is sinking in the chest, with a feeling of weakness of the heart and difficulty breathing.
Excitability of the psyche and body, severe mental prostration after the slightest mental effort and the same loss of physical strength after physical effort.
This medicine is also characterized by severe prostration, accompanying various groups of symptoms, complete relaxation, exhaustion, and cold.
Patients who were recently in a state of anxiety fall into prostration, lie on their backs with their legs extended and tense, and stand up with great difficulty.
Source: Maxim Moshkov library
Representation of negative emotions “anger” and “grief” in the works of A. S. Pushkin
This article examines the expression of negative emotions “anger” and “grief” through emotive vocabulary. Based on the classification of V.I. Shakhovsky, three types of vocabulary expressing human emotions were identified: 1) vocabulary naming emotions; 2) vocabulary describing emotions; 3) vocabulary, where the emotion itself is not named, but is manifested in the semantics of the word. The works of A. S. Pushkin were chosen as material for analysis due to the fact that they highlight the special emotionality of the language.
Key words: emotion “anger”; emotion “grief”; linguistic representation of emotions; emotive vocabulary.
Feelings and emotions are the most important components of a full human life. Emotional processes, as a form of reflection of reality, are studied by all kinds of sciences: psychology, medicine, philosophy, linguistics. Particular interest in the emotional side of speech, in the ways and forms of expressing feelings and emotions in the text, in the gender manifestations of emotions in language is observed by linguists and psycholinguists. In linguistics, emotions are expressed through language, that is, using words and punctuation marks.
The linguistic representation of emotions is an important part of the linguistic picture of the world of any language and occupies one of the central places in modern linguistics.I. E. Gerasimenko o [3, p. 40].
To express emotions, a person uses various means, such as vocabulary, facial expressions, and gestures. The most striking and interesting means of expressing emotions is emotive vocabulary.L. G. Babenko identifies 10 basic emotions: anger, grief, surprise, fear, joy, interest, disgust, contempt, shame, guilt” [2, p. 31]. Emotions according to their type are divided into positive and negative. Psychologists identify the following forms of negative emotions: anger, grief, sadness, anger, disgust, despair, sadness, contempt, irritation, melancholy, despondency, rage.
This article examines the expression of the emotions “anger” and “grief” through emotive vocabulary. When analyzing emotive vocabulary, we use the classification proposed by V.I. Shakhovsky, who in his work “Categorization of emotions in the lexical-semantic system of language” identifies three types of vocabulary that represent human emotions:
1) vocabulary that names, denotes emotions (i.e. giving them a name);
2) vocabulary that describes emotions and has contextual emotiveness;
3) vocabulary expressing emotions, where the emotion itself is not named, but is manifested in the semantics of the word, conveying the emotional state of the speaker through indirect designation [6].
Let's consider the lexical representation of the emotions “anger” and “grief” using examples from the works of A. S. Pushkin.
1) Vocabulary that nominates emotions is presented in the following excerpt from the poet’s fairy tale:
The cook is angry in the kitchen,
A weaver is crying at the loom[4, p. 312].
In this example, the emotion is directly named and expressed by the verb “get angry”, which is close in meaning to the lexeme “anger”. In the large explanatory dictionary of the Russian language by D. N. Ushakov, the verb “get angry” corresponds to the following definition: “To experience anger, irritation with an admixture of malice” [1, p. 563]. The cook is angry with her sister because Tsar Saltan chose her as his wife.
In anger he began to perform miracles
And he wanted to hang the messenger [4, p. 313].
In this example, the emotion is called by its proper name. "In anger" means 'in a state of furious anger'. The messenger brought bad news to the king, and he, angry, wanted to execute him.
Sadness and melancholy eats me up,
Defeated the young man:
I would like to see my father.
Swan to the prince: That’s the trouble! [4, p. 325].
Here the emotion is called, given a name, “grief.” Grief is synonymous with unhappiness and deep sadness. In this example, the word “grief” “sums up” the description of the mental state of the young prince, who is sad about his own father, who does not know about his existence.
The words “anger” and “grief” in these examples name, designate, and accurately convey the emotion experienced by the speaker.
2) Vocabulary that describes emotions and has contextual emotiveness.
“The officer, inflamed by the wine, the game and the laughter of his comrades, considered himself severely offended and, in a rage, grabbed a copper shandal from the table and threw it at Silvio, who barely managed to dodge the blow” [5, p. 68].
In the situation described above, the emotion “anger” is expressed through the description of actions. The phrase “furious” also plays an important role. It is this that classifies an emotion into a certain class. “Grab” in another context might mean “to pick up very quickly”, but in this example, in conjunction with the phrase “in a rage”, the whole expression means “to quickly pick up in a state of furious anger.” The vocabulary describing emotions in the given example has the following semantics: rage – 'extreme degree of irritation, frenzy' [1, p. 207].
“At this answer, Vladimir grabbed himself by the hair and remained motionless, like a man sentenced to death” [5, p. 109].
In this example, the hero’s emotions and feelings are expressed through a description of the features of gestures. It is clear from a person’s behavior that he has suffered grief and is unable to change anything. Hopelessness and deep grief are represented by each lexeme. A special emotional picture is created by the expression “like a man sentenced to death.” With this comparison, the author reveals to the reader the depth of grief that befell Vladimir. Vladimir’s grief can only be compared with the grief of a person doomed to death.
3) Vocabulary expressing emotions, where the emotion itself is not named, but is manifested in the semantics of the word, which conveys the emotional state of the speaker through indirect designation
And the queen flew in
To Chernavka: - How dare you
Fool me? and in what!.. [4, p. 345].
Here the emotion is not directly named. It is expressed through words that, when combined with each other, accurately convey the emotional message intended by the author. The verb “to fly” in this context means “to pounce”, “to attack someone”, i.e. it conveys actions associated with a state of deep mental indignation, malice, anger. Also, an angry emotional coloring is given to the queen’s monologue by her question “How dare you deceive me?” The queen is extremely indignant, enraged by the behavior of her servant and calls her to account for her actions.
In this example, just like in the previous one, the emotion is not named directly:
The priest neither eats nor drinks, does not sleep at night:
His forehead is cracking in advance [4, p. 348].
The text does not contain the word “grief” or words similar in meaning to it, such as “longing”, “sadness”, “sorrow”. But from the context, or more precisely from the behavior of the character in the fairy tale, one can understand that he has severe psychological discomfort inside. Knowing the context, we understand that the priest lives in anticipation of inevitable retribution, and the deep grief that has settled in his soul and heart prevents him from eating, drinking, or sleeping.
Based on the analyzed examples, the following definitions can be given. The emotion “anger” is a reaction of strong arousal, resulting from strong indignation, and is a response to an external stimulus. “Anger” can also be described as a state of passion that arises as a result of extreme dissatisfaction with something. “Grief” is a deep emotional experience of an event, accompanied by a negative emotional load. When experiencing the emotion of “grief,” a person does not outwardly stand out from the crowd, but inside him an ocean of feelings and experiences rages. Often the emotions “anger” and “grief” are accompanied by characteristic gestures and facial expressions.
So, the verbalization of negative emotions in language is carried out in various ways. It can be argued that there are three main types of expression of the emotions “anger” and “grief” in the Russian language, which are often used in fiction. At the same time, the leading role in this process is given to the context.
Analysis of various types of linguistic representation of emotions allows us to conclude that the implementation of emotional concepts in speech with the help of individual words and expressions that nominate a person’s feelings and emotions is by far the most characteristic and relevant.
Literature:
- Large explanatory dictionary of the Russian language: in 4 volumes / Ed. D.N. Ushakova; Ch. ed. B. M. Volin, D. N. Ushakova; comp. V.V. Vinogradov, G. O. Vinokur, B.A. Larin, S. I. Ozhegov, B. V. Tomashevsky, D. N. Ushakova. – M., 1939. – T. 3. – 1424 p.
- Babenko L. G. Lexical means of denoting emotions in the Russian language. Sverdlovsk: Ural Publishing House. Univ., 1989. – 184 p.
- Gerasimenko I. E. Use of evaluative vocabulary in a secondary nomination: diss... cand. Philol. Sci. M., 2002. – 189 p.
- Pushkin A.S. Complete works: In 10 volumes / USSR Academy of Sciences. Institute rus. lit. (Pushkin house); text checked and annotated. comp. B.V. Tomashevsky. 4th ed. L.: Nauka, Leningrad. department, 1977-1979. – T. 3. – Poems. Fairy tales. – 1977. – 447 p.
- Pushkin A.S. Complete works: In 10 volumes / USSR Academy of Sciences. Institute rus. lit. (Pushkin house); text checked and annotated. comp. B.V. Tomashevsky. 4th ed. L.: Nauka, Leningrad. department, 1977-1979. – T. 5. – Novels. Stories. – 1978. – 575 p.
- Shakhovsky V.I. Categorization of emotions in the lexical-semantic system of language. 2nd ed., rev. and additional M.: Publishing house LKI, 2008. – 190 p.
