In psychodiagnostics, many methods have been developed to assess the level of anxiety. These methods are used mainly in advisory and clinical practice when working with children.
Anxiety is an emotional state, a feeling of strong excitement, restlessness, often without any external reason. Anxiety often occurs normally. We can talk about pathological anxiety when it disorganizes a person’s entire life activity.
Anxiety is an individual’s tendency to experience anxiety, characterized by a low threshold for the occurrence of an anxiety reaction. There are situational anxiety (associated with a specific external situation) and personal anxiety (which is a stable personality trait).
The most well-known and widely used methods for diagnosing anxiety levels are the C.D. Spielberg and Hanin tests, as well as the Taylor technique.
In addition, tests for assessing depressive states (Zunge, V.A. Zhmurova), diagnostic methods for stress resistance and social adaptation (Holmes and Rahe), the level of social frustration (L.I. Wasserman), and the level of subjective control (J. Rotter) have been developed and adapted. and etc.
For the most complete understanding of the characteristics of the emotional sphere and mental states of an individual, a set of psychodiagnostic methods is used: both those based on self-assessment of states and projective techniques.
Why do some people have high anxiety?
First of all, it is worth mentioning that high anxiety is a rather conventional concept.
It is difficult to determine the line beyond which normal anxiety ends and increased anxiety begins. It is expressed differently in different people, and scientists do not yet fully know the reasons for this. It is known that one of the factors of increased anxiety is heredity. The predisposition to such emotional states is partly inherent in human genes. The second reason is improper upbringing and negative life experiences.
If anxiety is not a symptom
mental illness, then psychologists are involved in its treatment. Different schools of psychology attach different importance to each of the reasons.
Types of anxiety
Personal anxiety
is a person’s tendency to experience excessive anxiety in situations in which its occurrence is, in principle, normal, but in other people it is not so pronounced.
Personal anxiety, as its name suggests, is associated with a person’s personality, character, temperament, and genes. For example, usually such people are more inclined to be withdrawn and uncommunicative.
Personal anxiety is a condition that affects all areas of a person’s life: motivation, self-esteem, communication with other people, etc.
Situational anxiety
manifests itself only in certain situations that are stressful for a particular person. The rest of the time he may feel completely normal and not experience any problems.
The following factors can lead to situational anxiety:
1.
We live in a world that is rapidly changing.
Political and economic turmoil, natural disasters, social unrest, negative news in the media - all this daily undermines a person’s peace of mind. As a result, increased anxiety in modern society is becoming increasingly common. 2.
Since man is a social being, he communicates every day with many of his own kind.
In a complex society, one cannot do without conflicts and misunderstandings. But all of them are also capable of provoking a state of increased anxiety. 3.
Close people play a particularly important role in the lives of each of us: spouses, children, parents, other relatives and close friends.
Unfortunately, relationships with them do not always bring only joyful moments. 4.
Every person has a certain baggage of negative life experiences. Each of us, to one degree or another, is afraid of something, avoids something, experiences our own psychological complexes and phobias. In certain situations, they facilitate the occurrence of a state of increased anxiety.
Reactive and trait anxiety
Functions of emotions Read more: RESEARCH RESULTS
1.3 Reactive and trait anxiety
One of the forms of disruption to a person’s normal life is tension caused by a person’s emotional state. Often increased emotional tension is accompanied by fears, anxiety, apprehensions and develops into a stable state of anxiety. Anxiety can be personal and situational.
The study of this phenomenon is complicated by the fact that the concept of anxiety is interpreted very ambiguously in psychology.
The term “anxiety” was first introduced into psychology by S. Freud and meant “a certain state of tension - the result, mainly, of the repression of sexual impulses and the transformation of libido into other impulses.” If we ignore the psychoanalytic interpretation of the mechanism of anxiety, we can see that Freud understands anxiety as a certain mental state. Similar to V.S. Merlin[1] considers anxiety as a temporary emotional state that occurs in the presence of a threat, danger or psychological conflict, i.e. in case of a possible collision with stimuli that are emotionally significant for the subject. Along with this, Merlin emphasizes the complexity of this psychological state and identifies a number of components of anxiety, such as a state of emotional stress, experiences of personal threat, increased sensitivity, dissatisfaction with oneself, etc. We find an understanding of anxiety close to this in the works of Tomkins and Izard, in which anxiety is viewed as a complex of fundamental emotions, including fear, grief, anger, shame, and guilt. The relative inclusion of these emotions in the anxiety syndrome depends, as these authors believe, on the individual characteristics of the individual and the specific conditions of its functioning, in particular the presence of past experience of encounters with stimuli that caused negative emotional reactions. Therefore, one of the main causes of anxiety is the expectation of trouble[2].
If Tomkins and Izard point out the connection between the state of anxiety and personality characteristics, then a number of other authors consider anxiety itself to be a personal characteristic and identify behavioral attitudes associated with it. So, N.V. Imedadze[3] directly writes that anxiety should be considered not as a temporary state in certain conditions, but as some individually differentiated chronic condition, as a personality property, the ability to react more or less emotionally to situations that contain a danger for satisfying a social need. At the same time, Imedadze emphasizes the social nature of anxiety as an acquired property of the psyche. J. Taylor, J. Atkinson and G. Litvin also consider anxiety to be a stable individual-specific disposition, similar to the need to achieve a goal, however, if the latter is associated with improved performance of tasks by subjects and acts as a positive motive, then anxiety, on the contrary, is associated with deterioration in performance under the same experimental conditions, with a decrease in creativity and productivity, and therefore the authors consider it as a negative motive. Such unequal interpretation of the concept of “anxiety” reflects the complexity and heterogeneity of the psychological reality behind this concept.
This is reflected in the concept of anxiety by Ch. Spielberger, in which two forms are distinguished: reactive anxiety - a reactive emotional state of tension, anxiety, nervousness, accompanied by activation of the autonomic nervous system, and personal anxiety - a relatively stable individual characteristic that indicates the subject’s predisposition to perceive enough a wide range of phenomena and situations as threatening and respond to them accordingly. Personal anxiety is activated by the perception of certain stimuli associated with specific situations of threat to the prestige or self-esteem of the subject.
2. MATERIAL AND RESEARCH METHODS
To study the emotional state of the donor, the Spielberger-Khanin psychological test was used. To study two forms of anxiety, Spielberger developed a special questionnaire (Reactive and Personal Anxiety Scale), consisting of 40 statement questions (20 for each form of anxiety), determining how the subject feels at the moment and usually. There are 4 answers to each question: not at all, perhaps so, true and absolutely true - for reactive anxiety and: almost never, sometimes, often, and almost always - for personal anxiety. The answer number corresponds to the number of points assigned for it, which allows you to quantify the severity of each form of anxiety. The overall final indicator for each of the subscales ranges from 20 to 80 points, and in accordance with the standards derived by the author on a large sample, an indicator of less than 30 points for each form of anxiety characterizes the low-anxious group of subjects; 31-45 points – moderate anxiety (most healthy subjects fall into this category), and a score above 46 points characterizes highly anxious subjects. This scale is now widely used by psychologists in many countries around the world. C. Spielberger and 7 expert psychologists who assessed each question participated in the development of the questionnaire adapted for the Russian population. Yu.A. Khanin, who adapted the Russian version of the manual, pointed out the high validity of the text and the stability of the results during repeated examinations after 1 hour, 20 days, 104 days.
To measure the degree of “burnout” of medical personnel, a “burnout” questionnaire was used by the authors: K. Maslach, S. Jackson (USA), adaptation by N.E. Vodopyanova.
To date, burnout syndrome includes more than 100 symptoms. Interest in the burnout syndrome is due to the fact that the number of workers who feel exhausted, exhausted and emotionally “extinguished” has significantly increased, which ultimately affects work productivity.
Maslach K. and Jackson S. The most characteristic manifestations of the burnout syndrome include feelings of emotional exhaustion or exhaustion, inability to work with full effort, dehumanization (depersonalization) as a tendency towards cynicism and negativism in relation to dependent persons (donors, subordinates), negative self-perception in a professional sense (reduction of personal achievements or responsibilities).
Burnout is a response to chronic emotional stress, which includes three components: emotional and/or physical exhaustion; decreased work productivity; depersonalization, or dehumanization, of interpersonal relationships.
Signs of burnout syndrome are chronic fatigue, memory and attention problems, sleep disturbances with difficulty falling asleep and early awakenings, decreased performance, and personality changes. At the same time, anxiety, depressive disorders, and addiction to psychoactive substances develop. The main organizational factors that contribute to burnout include: high workload; absence or lack of social support from colleagues and management; insufficient remuneration for work; high degree of uncertainty in assessing the work performed; inability to influence decision making; ambiguous, ambiguous job requirements; constant risk of penalties; monotonous, monotonous and unpromising activity; the need to outwardly show emotions that do not correspond to reality; lack of days off, vacations and interests outside of work.
Functions of emotions Read more: RESEARCH RESULTS
Information about the work “Emotional state of donors and the possibility of correction by nursing staff”
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